Molecular Evolution of Immune Genes in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Molecular Evolution of Immune Genes in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae 英文参考文献.doc

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Molecular Evolution of Immune Genes in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae 英文参考文献

MolecularEvolutionofImmuneGenesintheMalaria MosquitoAnophelesgambiae ToviLehmann1,2,3*,JenC.C.Hume3,MonicaLicht1,2,ChristopherS.Burns1,2,KurtWollenberg4 ,Fred Simard5,Jose’M.C.Ribeiro3 1EntomologyBranch,DivisionofParasiticDiseases,CentersforDiseaseControlPrevention,Chamblee,Georgia,UnitedStatesofAmerica, 2DepartmentofBiology, EmoryUniversity,Atlanta,Georgia,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3LaboratoryofMalariaandVectorResearch,NationalInstituteofAllergyandInfectiousDiseases(NIAID), NationalInstitutesofHealth,Rockville,Maryland,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4BioinformaticsandComputationalBiosciencesBranch,OfficeofCyberInfrastructureand Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, 5Laboratoiredel’InstiutdeRecherchepourleDeveloppement,RU#016,OrganisationdelutteContrelesgrandesEndemiesenAfriqueCentrale,Yaounde′, Cameroun Abstract Background:Aspathogensthatcircumventthehostimmuneresponsearefavouredbyselection,soarehostallelesthat reduce parasite load. Such evolutionary processes leave their signature on the genes involved. Deciphering modes of selection operating on immune genes might reveal the nature of host-pathogen interactions and factors that govern susceptibilityinhostpopulations.Suchunderstandingwouldhaveimportantpublichealthimplications. Methodology/Findings: We analyzed polymorphisms in four mosquito immune genes (SP14D1, GNBP, defensin , and gambicin) to decipher selection effects, presumably mediated by pathogens. Using samples of Anopheles arabiensis, An. quadriannulatus and four An. gambiae populations, as well as published sequences from other Culicidae, we contrasted patterns of polymorphisms between different functional units of the same gene within and between populations. Our resultsrevealedselectionsignaturesoperatingondifferenttimescales.Atthemostrecenttimescale,within-population diversityrevealedpurifyingselection.Betweenpopulati