Nuclear Weapons and Neglected Diseases The “Ten-Thousand-to-One Gap” 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Nuclear Weapons and Neglected Diseases The “Ten-Thousand-to-One Gap” 英文参考文献.doc

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Nuclear Weapons and Neglected Diseases The “Ten-Thousand-to-One Gap” 英文参考文献

Editorial NuclearWeaponsandNeglectedDiseases:The‘‘Ten- Thousand-to-OneGap’’ PeterJ.Hotez* SabinVaccineInstituteandDepartmentofMicrobiology,Immunology,andTropicalMedicine,TheGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,Washington,D.C.,UnitedStatesof America Introduction tution, which in 1998 published their US NuclearWeaponsCostStudyProject,the US alone spent $35 billion that year on nuclear weapons technology [2]. Further estimates indicate that the US may have spentmorethan$5.5trillionindeveloping their nuclear arsenal, while France has invested approximately $1.5 trillion [3]. Although the data are unavailable, the costs for other nuclear weapon states are believed to be similar [3]. Therefore it is likely that the 11 nuclear weapons states togetherhaveinvestedatleast $10trillion onweaponsproductionandmaintenance. Despite this massive expenditure, each ofthe11nuclearweaponsstates,withthe possibleexceptionoftheU.K.,alsosuffers from high rates of neglected tropical diseases (and related neglected infections of poverty), defined as chronic and debil- itating parasitic and other infectious dis- poverty found in the US, Russia, and Eastern Europe [6]. Indeed, with the possible exceptions of the UK, high neglected disease burdens are present in allofthenuclearweaponsstates,particu- larlythehelminthinfections,leishmaniasis and Chagas disease, toxoplasmosis, and trachoma. Together, the world’s eight acknowl- edged nuclear powers—the United States (US), Russia, United Kingdom (UK), France, China, India, Pakistan, and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea)—have amassed an arsenal of almost 30,000 nuclear weapons since 1945.Inaddition,Israelisbelievedtobea nuclear power while Iran (and possibly Syriaaswell)isalsosuspectedofdeveloping nuclearweapons.Despitethetechnological sophistication that has enabled the 11 nuclear weapons states to produce and deliver nuclear bombs, most of these nations simultaneously also suffer from highinternalratesofpovertyandendemic negle