Oocyte Family Trees Old Branches or New Stems 英文参考文献.docVIP

Perspective OocyteFamilyTrees:OldBranchesorNewStems? DoriC.Woods1,2,EvelynE.Telfer3,JonathanL.Tilly1,2* 1VincentCenterforReproductiveBiology,MGHVincentDepartmentofObstetricsandGynecology,MassachusettsGeneralHospital,Boston,Massachusetts,UnitedStates ofAmerica,2DepartmentofObstetrics,GynecologyandReproductiveBiology,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3Instituteof CellBiologyandCentreforIntegrativePhysiology,UniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom The notion of a ‘‘biological clock’’ in women arises from the fact that oocytes progressively decline in number to the point of exhaustion as females get older, along with a decades-old dogmatic view that oocytes cannot be renewed in mam- mals after birth [1]. This latter thinking was challenged in 2004 when Tilly and colleagues [2], then others [3], reported that the rate of oocyte loss through follicular atresia and ovulation was much higherthanthenetrateofoocytedecline. This ignited an ongoing debate about whethertheovariesofadultmammalscan form new oocytes and follicles [4–6]. Recent work demonstrating that oocyte- producing (oogonial) stem cells (OSCs; also referred to as female germline stem cellsorfGSCs)existinandcanbeisolated fromovariesofadultfish[7,8],mice[2,9– 11], and even humans [11,12] has led to new ideas about reproductive biological clocks.Earlierthisyear,apaperpublished in PLoS Genetics offered some of the most direct evidence to date that oogenesis in mice continues into adulthood under normalphysiologicalconditions[13]. germ cells that have undergone more mitoticdivisions thanthosethatgave rise spans five days [21–23]. It is therefore unclearhowoocytesformedate18.5,and presumably matured later in life (viz. twelve months ofage), would have signif- icantlymoredepththanthoseformedonly five days earlier (e13.5), and presumably matured first (viz. one month of age), in lieuofanyadditionalroundsofgermcell mitosisbetweene13.5ande18.5(Figure1). Wethinkamorelogicalexpla