One Species, Three Pleistocene Evolutionary Histories Phylogeography of the Italian Crested Newt, Triturus carnifex 英文参考文献.docVIP

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One Species, Three Pleistocene Evolutionary Histories Phylogeography of the Italian Crested Newt, Triturus carnifex 英文参考文献.doc

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One Species, Three Pleistocene Evolutionary Histories Phylogeography of the Italian Crested Newt, Triturus carnifex 英文参考文献

OneSpecies,ThreePleistoceneEvolutionaryHistories: PhylogeographyoftheItalianCrestedNewt,Triturus carnifex DanieleCanestrelli1*,DanieleSalvi2,MichelaMaura3,MarcoA.Bologna3,GiuseppeNascetti1 1Dipartimento di Scienze Ecologiche e Biologiche, Universita` della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy, 2Centro de Investigac?a?o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gene′ticos, Vaira?o, Portugal,3DipartimentodiBiologiaAmbientale,Universita` RomaTre,Rome,Italy Abstract Phylogeographic patterns of temperate species from the Mediterranean peninsulas have been investigated intensively. Nevertheless,asmorephylogeographiesbecomeavailable,eitheruniquepatternsornewlinesofconcordancecontinueto emerge, providing new insights on the evolution of regional biotas. Here, we investigated the phylogeography and evolutionaryhistoryoftheItaliancrestednewt,Trituruscarnifex,throughphylogenetic,moleculardatingandpopulation structure analyses of two mitochondrial gene fragments (ND2 and ND4; overall 1273bp). We found three main mtDNA lineageshavingparapatricdistributionandestimateddivergencetimesbetweenLatePlioceneandEarlyPleistocene.One lineage (S) was widespread south of the northern Apennine chain and was further geographically structured into five sublineages,likelyofMiddlePleistoceneorigin.Thesecondlineage(C)waswidespreadthroughoutthePadano–Venetian plain and did not show a clear phylogeographic structure. The third lineage (N) was observed in only two populations located on western Croatia/Slovenia. Results of analysis of molecular variance suggested that partitioning populations accordingtothegeographicdistributionoftheselineagesandsublineagesexplains76%oftheobservedgeneticvariation. ThephylogeographicstructureobservedwithinT.carnifexanddivergencetimeestimatesamongitslineages,suggestthat responses to Pleistocene environmental changes in this single species have been as diverse as those found previously among several codistributed temperate species combined. Consistent with the landscape heterogeneity, physio