Peak Phosphorus Clarifying the Key Issues of a Vigorous Debate about Long-Term Phosphorus Security 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Peak Phosphorus Clarifying the Key Issues of a Vigorous Debate about Long-Term Phosphorus Security 英文参考文献.doc

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Peak Phosphorus Clarifying the Key Issues of a Vigorous Debate about Long-Term Phosphorus Security 英文参考文献

Sustainability 2011, 3, 2027-2049; doi:10.3390/su3102027 OPEN ACCESS sustainability ISSN 2071-1050 /journal/sustainability Review Peak Phosphorus: Clarifying the Key Issues of a Vigorous Debate about Long-Term Phosphorus Security Dana Cordell and Stuart White * Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology, Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; E-Mail: Dana.Cordell@.au * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: Stuart.White@.au; Tel.: +61-2-9514-4950; Fax: +61-2-9514-4941. Received: 23 August 2011 / Accepted: 3 October 2011 / Published: 24 October 2011 Abstract: This paper reviews the latest information and perspectives on global phosphorus scarcity. Phosphorus is essential for food production and modern agriculture currently sources phosphorus fertilizers from finite phosphate rock. The 2008 food and phosphate fertilizer price spikes triggered increased concerns regarding the depletion timeline of phosphate rock reserves. While estimates range from 30 to 300 years and are shrouded by lack of publicly available data and substantial uncertainty, there is a general consensus that the quality and accessibility of remaining reserves are decreasing and costs will increase. This paper clarifies common sources of misunderstandings about phosphorus scarcity and identifies areas of consensus. It then asks, despite some persistent uncertainty, what would it take to achieve global phosphorus security? What would a ‘hard-landing’ response look like and how could preferred ‘soft-landing’ responses be achieved? Keywords: peak phosphorus; global phosphorus scarcity; depletion; global food security; phosphate rock; phosphorus security 1. Introduction While the element phosphorus (P) is one of the fundamental building blocks of life and essential for food production, there has been very little research on the implications of future phosphorus scarcity for global food security. Ensur