Practicing a Musical Instrument in Childhood is Associated with Enhanced Verbal Ability and Nonverbal Reasoning 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Practicing a Musical Instrument in Childhood is Associated with Enhanced Verbal Ability and Nonverbal Reasoning 英文参考文献.doc

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Practicing a Musical Instrument in Childhood is Associated with Enhanced Verbal Ability and Nonverbal Reasoning 英文参考文献

PracticingaMusicalInstrumentinChildhoodis AssociatedwithEnhancedVerbalAbilityandNonverbal Reasoning MarieForgeard1,EllenWinner2,3*,AndreaNorton1,GottfriedSchlaug1 1Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America, 2Department of Psychology,BostonCollege,ChestnutHill,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3ProjectZero,HarvardGraduateSchoolofEducation,Cambridge,Massachusetts, UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:Inthisstudyweinvestigatedtheassociationbetweeninstrumentalmusictraininginchildhoodandoutcomes closelyrelatedtomusictrainingaswellasthosemoredistantlyrelated. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Childrenwhoreceivedatleastthreeyears(M=4.6years)ofinstrumentalmusictraining outperformedtheircontrolcounterpartsontwooutcomescloselyrelatedtomusic(auditorydiscriminationabilitiesandfine motor skills) and on two outcomes distantly related to music (vocabulary and nonverbal reasoning skills). Duration of trainingalsopredictedtheseoutcomes.Contrarytopreviousresearch,instrumentalmusictrainingwasnotassociatedwith heightenedspatialskills,phonemicawareness,ormathematicalabilities. Conclusions/Significance: While these results are correlational only, the strong predictive effect of training duration suggeststhatinstrumentalmusictrainingmayenhanceauditorydiscrimination,finemotorskills,vocabulary,andnonverbal reasoning.Alternativeexplanationsfortheseresultsarediscussed. Citation: Forgeard M, Winner E, Norton A, Schlaug G (2008) Practicing a Musical Instrument in Childhood is Associated with Enhanced Verbal Ability and NonverbalReasoning.PLoSONE3(10):e3566.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003566 Editor:TecumsehFitch,UniversityofSt.Andrews,UnitedKingdom ReceivedApril3,2008;AcceptedSeptember26,2008;PublishedOctober29,2008 Copyright: ? 2008 Forgeard et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andr