Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Polysaccharide Nanocrystals 英文参考文献.docVIP

Molecules 2010, 15, 4111-4128; doi:10.3390/moleculeOPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 /journal/molecules Review Processing of Polymer Nanocomposites Reinforced with Polysaccharide Nanocrystals Alain Dufresne ? The International School of Paper, Print Media and Biomaterials (Pagora), Grenoble Institute of Technology, BP 65 - 38402 Saint Martin dHères Cedex, France; E-Mail: Alain.Dufresne@pagora.grenoble-inp.fr; Tel.: +33-4-76-82-69-95; Fax: +33-4-76-82-69-33 ? Present address: Departamento de Engenharia Metalurgica e de Materiais, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Coppe, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Received: 12 May 2010; in revised form: 2 June 2010 / Accepted: 7 June 2010 / Published: 8 June 2010 Abstract: Aqueous suspensions of polysaccharide (cellulose, chitin or starch) nanocrystals can be prepared by acid hydrolysis of biomass. The main problem with their practical use is related to the homogeneous dispersion of these nanoparticles within a polymeric matrix. Water is the preferred processing medium. A new and interesting way for the processing of polysaccharide nanocrystals-based nanocomposites is their transformation into a co-continuous material through long chain surface chemical modification. It involves the surface chemical modification of the nanoparticles based on the use of grafting agents bearing a reactive end group and a long compatibilizing tail. Keywords: cellulose; nanocomposites; processing; nanocrystals; whiskers; microfibrils 1. Introduction The potential of nanocomposites in various sectors of research and application is promising and is attracting increasing investments. In the nanocomposite industry, a reinforcing particle is usually considered as one where at least one of its linear dimension is smaller than 100 nm. Due to the hierarchical structure and semicrystalline nature of polysaccharides (cellulose, starch and chitin), nanoparticles