Profitability of Nitrification Inhibitors for Abatement of Nitrate Leaching on a Representative Dairy Farm in the Waikato Region of New Zealand 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Profitability of Nitrification Inhibitors for Abatement of Nitrate Leaching on a Representative Dairy Farm in the Waikato Region of New Zealand 英文参考文献.doc

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Profitability of Nitrification Inhibitors for Abatement of Nitrate Leaching on a Representative Dairy Farm in the Waikato Region of New Zealand 英文参考文献

Water 2011, 3, 1031-1049; doi:10.3390/w3041031 OPEN ACCESS water ISSN 2073-4441 /journal/water Article Profitability of Nitrification Inhibitors for Abatement of Nitrate Leaching on a Representative Dairy Farm in the Waikato Region of New Zealand Graeme J. Doole 1,* and Upa H. Paragahawewa 2 1 Centre for Environmental Economics and Policy, School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia 2 AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, East Street, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand; E-Mail: upa.paragahawewa@agresearch.co.nz * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: gdoole@waikato.ac.nz; Tel.: +64-7-8277554; Fax: +64-7-8345726. Received: 11 August 2011; in revised form: 21 October 2011 / Accepted: 1 November 2011 / Published: 11 November 2011 Abstract: Direct policies for the management of nonpoint source pollution are difficult to apply given asymmetric information, spatial and temporal variability, and uncertainty. There is increasing awareness that these limitations may be overcome where profitable mitigation practices are broadly adopted by polluters. Nitrification inhibitors (chemicals applied to paddocks that retard the nitrification process in soils) are a rare example of a mitigation practice that reduces pollutant loads and potentially increases farm profit through promoting pasture production. This study investigates their capacity to achieve both goals to inform policy makers and producers of their potential for simultaneously improving farm profit and water quality. With an assumed 10 percent increase in pasture production in response to nitrification inhibitor application, nitrification inhibitors are a profitable innovation because greater pasture production supports higher stocking rates. Nonetheless, their overall impact on farm profit is low, even when the