Raman Spectroscopy and Related Techniques in Biomedicine 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2010, 10, 1871-1889; doi:10.3390/s100301871 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Review Raman Spectroscopy and Related Techniques in Biomedicine Andrew Downes * and Alistair Elfick School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK; E-Mail: alistair.elfick@ed.ac.uk * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: andy.downes@ed.ac.uk; Tel.: +44-131-651-7072; Fax: +44-131-650-6551. Received: 27 January 2010; in revised form: 21 February 2010 / Accepted: 1 March 2010 / Published: 9 March 2010 Abstract: In this review we describe label-free optical spectroscopy techniques which are able to non-invasively measure the (bio)chemistry in biological systems. Raman spectroscopy uses visible or near-infrared light to measure a spectrum of vibrational bonds in seconds. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman (CARS) microscopy and stimulated Raman loss (SRL) microscopy are orders of magnitude more efficient than Raman spectroscopy, and are able to acquire high quality chemically-specific images in seconds. We discuss the benefits and limitations of all techniques, with particular emphasis on applications in biomedicine—both in vivo (using fiber endoscopes) and in vitro (in optical microscopes). Keywords: Raman spectroscopy; CARS microscopy; Raman imaging 1. Introduction Optical microscopy is highly valuable to biomedical research. White light microscopy reveals changes in refractive index within cells and tissue, but lacks any kind of biochemical contrast and is only appropriate for monolayers of cells or thin (10 μm) sections of tissue as it does not have a 3D sectioning ability. Fluorescence imaging is the current major technique of interest. This relies on the use of fluorescent dyes which are either expressed by genes which have been modified, or are tagged on to molecules of interest. The drawbacks of fluorescence imaging are numerous: f