Rapidly Measuring the Speed of Unconscious Learning Amnesics Learn Quickly and Happy People Slowly 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Rapidly Measuring the Speed of Unconscious Learning Amnesics Learn Quickly and Happy People Slowly 英文参考文献.doc

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Rapidly Measuring the Speed of Unconscious Learning Amnesics Learn Quickly and Happy People Slowly 英文参考文献

RapidlyMeasuringtheSpeedofUnconsciousLearning: AmnesicsLearnQuicklyandHappyPeopleSlowly ZoltanDienes1*,RolandJ.Baddeley2,AshokJansari3 1SchoolofPsychology,UniversityofSussex,Brighton,UnitedKingdom,2SchoolofExperimentalPsychology,UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UnitedKingdom,3Schoolof Psychology,UniversityofEastLondon,London,UnitedKingdom Abstract Background:Weintroduceamethodforquicklydeterminingtherateofimplicitlearning. Methodology/Principal Findings: The task involves making a binary prediction for a probabilistic sequence over 10 minutes;fromthisitispossibletodeterminetheinfluenceofeventsofadifferentnumberoftrialsinthepastonthecurrent decision.Thisprofiledirectlyreflectsthelearningrateparameterofalargeclassoflearningalgorithmsincludingthedelta andRescorla-Wagnerrules.Toillustratetheuseofthemethod,wecompareapersonwithamnesiawithnormalcontrols andwecomparepeoplewithinducedhappyandsadmoods. Conclusions/Significance: Learning on the task is likely both associative and implicit. We argue theoretically and demonstrateempiricallythatbothamnesiaandalsotransientnegativemoodscanbeassociatedwithanespeciallylarge learningrate:Peoplewithamnesiacanlearnquicklyandhappypeopleslowly. Citation:DienesZ,BaddeleyRJ,JansariA(2012)RapidlyMeasuringtheSpeedofUnconsciousLearning:AmnesicsLearnQuicklyandHappyPeopleSlowly.PLoS ONE7(3):e33400.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033400 Editor:LeonardoFontenelle,InstituteofPsychiatryattheFederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiro,Brazil ReceivedSeptember23,2011;AcceptedFebruary13,2012;PublishedMarch23,2012 Copyright: ? 2012 Dienes et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecredited. Funding:TheworkwaspartlysupportedbyEconomicandSocialResearch(ESRC)(http://www.esrc.ac.uk/)grantRES-062-23-1975tothefirstauthor.Thefunders hadnoroleinstudydesign,datacollectionandanalysis,decisiontopublish,orpreparat