Remote Sensing of Mangrove Ecosystems A Review 英文参考文献.docVIP

Remote Sens. 2011, 3, 878-928; doi:10.3390/rs3050878 OPEN ACCESS Remote Sensing ISSN 2072-4292 /journal/remotesensing Review Remote Sensing of Mangrove Ecosystems: A Review Claudia Kuenzer 1,*, Andrea Bluemel 2, Steffen Gebhardt 3, Tuan Vo Quoc 4 and Stefan Dech 1 1 German Remote Sensing Data Centre, DFD of the German Aerospace Centre, DLR, Oberpfaffenhofen, D-82234 Wessling, Germany; E-Mail: stefan.dech@dlr.de 2 Geofaktur Geoconsulting, D-65195 Wiesbaden, Germany; E-Mail: bluemel@ 3 Institute of Geography, Department of Remote Sensing, University of Wuerzburg, D-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; E-Mail: steffen.gebhardt@dlr.de 4 Can Tho University, Can Tho, Vietnam; E-Mail: tuan.voquoc@dlr.de * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: claudia.kuenzer@dlr.de; Tel.: +49-8153-28-3280; Fax: +49-8153-28-1458. Received: 18 February 2011; in revised form: 28 March 2011 / Accepted: 11 April 2011 / Published: 27 April 2011 Abstract: Mangrove ecosystems dominate the coastal wetlands of tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world. They provide various ecological and economical ecosystem services contributing to coastal erosion protection, water filtration, provision of areas for fish and shrimp breeding, provision of building material and medicinal ingredients, and the attraction of tourists, amongst many other factors. At the same time, mangroves belong to the most threatened and vulnerable ecosystems worldwide and experienced a dramatic decline during the last half century. International programs, such as the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands or the Kyoto Protocol, underscore the importance of immediate protection measures and conservation activities to prevent the further loss of mangroves. In this context, remote sensing is the tool of choice to provide spatio-temporal information on mangrove ecosystem distribution, species differentiation, health status, and ongoing changes of mangrov