Repeated, Selection-Driven Genome Reduction of Accessory Genes in Experimental Populations 英文参考文献.docVIP

Repeated,Selection-DrivenGenomeReductionof AccessoryGenesinExperimentalPopulations Ming-ChunLee1¤,ChristopherJ.Marx1,2* 1DepartmentofOrganismicandEvolutionaryBiology,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2FacultyofArtsandSciencesCenterfor SystemsBiology,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Genome reduction has been observed in many bacterial lineages that have adapted to specialized environments. The extreme genome degradation seen for obligate pathogens and symbionts appears to be dominated by genetic drift. In contrast,forfree-livingorganismswithreducedgenomes,thedominantforceisproposedtobedirectselectionforsmaller, streamlined genomes. Most variation in gene content for these free-living species is of ‘‘accessory’’ genes, which are commonlygainedaslargechromosomalislandsthatareadaptiveforspecializedtraitssuchaspathogenicity.Itisgenerally unclear,however,whethertheprocessofaccessorygenelossislargelydrivenbydriftorselection.Herewedemonstrate thatselectionforgeneloss,andnotashortenedgenome,perse,drovemassive,rapidreductionofaccessorygenes.Injust 1,500generationsofexperimentalevolution,80%ofpopulationsofMethylobacteriumextorquensAM1experiencednearly parallel deletions removing up to 10% of the genome from a megaplasmid present in this strain. The absence of these deletion events in a mutation accumulation experiment suggested that selection, rather than drift, has dominated the process.Reconstructingthesedeletionsconfirmedthattheywerebeneficialintheirselectiveregimes,butledtodecreased performance in alternative environments. These results indicate that selection can be crucial in eliminating unnecessary genesduringtheearlystagesofadaptationtoaspecializedenvironment. Citation:LeeM-C,MarxCJ(2012)Repeated,Selection-DrivenGenomeReductionofAccessoryGenesinExperimentalPopulations.PLoSGenet8(5):e1002651. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002651 Editor:NancyA.Moran,YaleUniversity,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedNovember3,