Repeating Patterns of Mimicry 英文参考文献.docVIP

Primer Repeating Patterns of Mimicry Axel Meyer F ascination with ?ora and fauna usually starts early in life as an all-encompassing childhood pastime. Growing up in Germany in the 1960s and 1970s, I developed between the adaptive radiations of these largely reciprocally monophyletic (evolutionarily distinct) groupings that make up these species ?ocks [4,5]. It is astonishing that one not only ?nds certain types of ecological guilds—such as algae scrapers, ?sh eaters, snail crushers, and zooplankton pickers—in each of the lakes, but that sometimes even the color patterns of these phylogenetically rather distantly related species from different lakes match in a striking fashion [5]. Redundancy in the outcome of natural selection is most evident in the beautiful examples of mimicry in butter?ies (Figure 1). Mimicry comes in different forms. One is between poisonous and nonpoisonous butter?y species, discovered by and named after the British naturalist Henry Walter Bates. Here, a harmless palatable mimic species derives a selective advantage from its similarity to the poisonous model species; a predator might spare the mimic if it had learned to avoid butter?ies with a certain color pattern from an earlier unpleasant noxious encounter with the unpalatable model. In Müllerian mimicry—named after its discoverer, the German zoologist Fritz Müller—several equally unpleasantly tasting species share a color pattern, and all species bene?t mutually, not only the mimic. an af?nity for natural history as a child, inspired by famous television naturalists, such as Jacques Cousteau and Bernhard Grzimek, as well as by role models closer to home. As a child, it seemed quite natural to observe, experiment with, and collect all kinds of animals, dead or alive, and their parts (beetles, butter?ies, ?sh, amphibians, antlers, and skulls) for my private “Wunderkammer,” or cabinet of curiosities. Literature Nobel laureate Vladimir Nabokov, probably most famous for his notorious novel L