Roadless Wilderness Area Determines Forest Elephant Movements in the Congo Basin 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Roadless Wilderness Area Determines Forest Elephant Movements in the Congo Basin 英文参考文献.doc

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Roadless Wilderness Area Determines Forest Elephant Movements in the Congo Basin 英文参考文献

RoadlessWildernessAreaDeterminesForestElephant MovementsintheCongoBasin StephenBlake1,2,3*,SharonL.Deem2,4,SamanthaStrindberg1,FionaMaisels1,LudovicMomont5, Inogwabini-BilaIsia6,IainDouglas-Hamilton7,8,WilliamB.Karesh1,MichaelD.Kock1 1WildlifeConservationSociety,Bronx,NewYork,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofBiologyandWhitneyR.HarrisWorldEcologyCenter,UniversityofMissouri- St.Louis,St.Louis,Missouri,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3MaxPlanckInstituteforOrnithology,‘VogelwarteRadolfzell’,Radolfzell,Germany,4WildCareInstitute,SaintLouis Zoo,St.Louis,Missouri,UnitedStatesofAmerica,5Muse′umNationald’HistoireNaturelle,Me′nagerieduJardindesPlantes,LaboratoiredeConservationdesEspe`ces,UMR 5173 Muse′um-CNRS, 57, Paris, France, 6The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology, The University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom, 7Save the Elephants,LangataLinkComplex,Langata,Nairobi,Kenya,8DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UnitedKingdom Abstract AdramaticexpansionofroadbuildingisunderwayintheCongoBasinfuelledbyprivateenterprise,internationalaid,and government aspirations. Among the great wilderness areas on earth, the Congo Basin is outstanding for its high biodiversity,particularlymobilemegafaunaincludingforestelephants(Loxodontaafricanacyclotis).Theabundanceofmany mammal species in the Basin increases with distance from roads due to hunting pressure, but the impacts of road proliferationonthemovementsofindividualsareunknown.Weinvestigatedtherangingbehaviourofforestelephantsin relationtoroadsandroadlesswildernessbyfittingGPStelemetrycollarsontoasampleof28forestelephantslivinginsix priorityconservationareas.Weshowthatthesizeofroadlesswildernessisastrongdeterminantofhomerangesizeinthis species. Though our study sites included the largest wilderness areas in central African forests, none of 4 home range metrics we calculated, including core area, tended toward an asymptote with increasing wilderness size, suggesting that uninhibited ranging in forest elephants no lo