10 扫描电子显微镜要点.ppt

Transmission electron microscopy?(TEM) is a?microscopy?technique whereby a beam of?electrons?is transmitted through an ultra thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through. An image is formed from the interaction of the electrons transmitted through the specimen; the image is magnified and?focused?onto an imaging device, such as a?fluorescent?screen, on a layer of?photographic film, or to be detected by a sensor such as a?CCD camera. TEMs are capable of imaging at a significantly higher?resolution?than light microscopes, owing to the small?de Broglie wavelength?of electrons. This enables the instruments user to examine fine detail—even as small as a single column of atoms, which is tens of thousands times smaller than the smallest resolvable object in a light microscope. TEM forms a major analysis method in a range of scientific fields, in both physical and biological sciences. TEMs find application in?cancer research,?virology,?materials science?as well as?pollution,?nanotechnology, andsemiconductor?research. At smaller magnifications TEM image?contrast?is due to absorption of electrons in the material, due to the thickness and composition of the material. At higher magnifications complex wave interactions modulate the intensity of the image, requiring expert analysis of observed images. Alternate modes of use allow for the TEM to observe modulations in chemical identity, crystal orientation, electronic structure and sample induced electron phase shift as well as the regular absorption based imaging. The first TEM was built by?Max Knoll?and?Ernst Ruska?in 1931, with this group developing the first TEM with?resolving power?greater than that of light in 1933 and the first commercial TEM in 1939. * 白色或浅黄色单斜结晶。有似氯的辛辣气味。易升华挥发。25℃时的溶解度(g/100g)：水中7.24、四氯化碳375。溶于乙醇、乙醚、苯、氨水和氧氯化磷。相对密度5.10。熔点40.6℃。沸点130℃。剧毒，半数致死量(大鼠，经口)14mg/kg。其蒸气有刺激性。有腐蚀性。 电子显微镜技术中用作细胞和组织的固定剂和染色剂。氧化剂。氯酸化、过氧化、高碘酸化和其他氧化反应的催化剂。光谱分析。 OsO4 * — — example — — Example SEM 7kV