Self-Mating in the Definitive Host Potentiates Clonal Outbreaks of the Apicomplexan Parasites Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Self-Mating in the Definitive Host Potentiates Clonal Outbreaks of the Apicomplexan Parasites Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii 英文参考文献.doc

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Self-Mating in the Definitive Host Potentiates Clonal Outbreaks of the Apicomplexan Parasites Sarcocystis neurona and Toxoplasma gondii 英文参考文献

Self-MatingintheDefinitiveHostPotentiatesClonal OutbreaksoftheApicomplexanParasitesSarcocystis neuronaandToxoplasmagondii JeredM.Wendte1,2,3,MelissaA.Miller4,DyannaM.Lambourn5,SpencerL.Magargal1,DavidA.Jessup4, MichaelE.Grigg1,2 * 1MolecularParasitologyUnit,LaboratoryofParasiticDiseases,NationalInstitutesofAllergyandInfectiousDiseases,NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,Maryland, UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofVeterinaryPathobiology,OklahomaStateUniversityCenterforVeterinaryHealthSciences,Stillwater,Oklahoma,UnitedStates ofAmerica,3HowardHughesMedicalInstitute–NationalInstitutesofHealthResearchScholarsProgram,Bethesda,Maryland,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4MarineWildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center (CDFG-OSPR), Santa Cruz, California, United States of America, 5Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Lakewood, Washington,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Tissue-encystingcoccidia,includingToxoplasmagondiiandSarcocystisneurona,areheterogamousparasiteswithsexualand asexuallifestagesindefinitiveandintermediatehosts,respectively.Duringitssexuallifestage,T.gondiireproduceseither by genetic out-crossing or via clonal amplification of a single strain through self-mating. Out-crossing has been experimentallyverifiedasapotentmechanismcapableofproducingoffspringpossessingarangeofadaptiveandvirulence potentials. In contrast, selfing and other life history traits, such as asexual expansion of tissue-cysts by oral transmission amongintermediatehosts,havebeenproposedtoexplainthegeneticbasisfortheclonalpopulationstructureofT.gondii. Inthisstudy,weinvestigatedthecontributingrolesself-matingandsexualrecombinationplayinnaturetomaintainclonal populationstructuresandproduceorexpandparasiteclonescapableofcausingdiseaseepidemicsfortwotissueencysting parasites.Weappliedhigh-resolutiongenotypingagainststrainsisolatedfromaT.gondiiwaterborneoutbreakthatcaused symptomaticdiseasein155immune-competentpeopleinBrazilandaS.neuronaoutbreakthatresultedinamassmortality event in Southern sea ot