Self-Medication as Adaptive Plasticity Increased Ingestion of Plant Toxins by Parasitized Caterpillars 英文参考文献.docVIP

下载本文档

9
0
约 8页
2017-05-13 发布于上海
举报
版权申诉

Self-Medication as Adaptive Plasticity Increased Ingestion of Plant Toxins by Parasitized Caterpillars 英文参考文献.doc

1、原创力文档（book118）网站文档一经付费（服务费），不意味着购买了该文档的版权，仅供个人/单位学习、研究之用，不得用于商业用途，未经授权，严禁复制、发行、汇编、翻译或者网络传播等，侵权必究。。
2、本站所有内容均由合作方或网友上传，本站不对文档的完整性、权威性及其观点立场正确性做任何保证或承诺！文档内容仅供研究参考，付费前请自行鉴别。如您付费，意味着您自己接受本站规则且自行承担风险，本站不退款、不进行额外附加服务；查看《如何避免下载的几个坑》。如果您已付费下载过本站文档，您可以点击这里二次下载。
3、如文档侵犯商业秘密、侵犯著作权、侵犯人身权等，请点击“版权申诉”（推荐），也可以打举报电话：400-050-0827(电话支持时间：9:00-18:30)。
4、该文档为VIP文档，如果想要下载，成为VIP会员后，下载免费。
5、成为VIP后，下载本文档将扣除1次下载权益。下载后，不支持退款、换文档。如有疑问请联系我们。
6、成为VIP后，您将拥有八大权益，权益包括：VIP文档下载权益、阅读免打扰、文档格式转换、高级专利检索、专属身份标志、高级客服、多端互通、版权登记。
7、VIP文档为合作方或网友上传，每下载1次，网站将根据用户上传文档的质量评分、类型等，对文档贡献者给予高额补贴、流量扶持。如果你也想贡献VIP文档。上传文档

Self-Medication as Adaptive Plasticity Increased Ingestion of Plant Toxins by Parasitized Caterpillars 英文参考文献

Self-MedicationasAdaptivePlasticity:Increased IngestionofPlantToxinsbyParasitizedCaterpillars MichaelS.Singer1*,KeviC.Mace1,ElizabethA.Bernays2 1DepartmentofBiology,WesleyanUniversity,Middletown,Connecticut,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofEntomology,UniversityofArizona,Tucson,Arizona, UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Self-medicationisaspecifictherapeuticbehavioralchangeinresponsetodiseaseorparasitism.Theempiricalliteratureonself- medication has so far focused entirely on identifying cases of self-medication in which particular behaviors are linked to therapeuticoutcomes.Inthis study,weframeself-medicationinthebroaderrealm ofadaptiveplasticity,whichprovides several testable predictions for verifying self-medication and advancing its conceptual significance. First, self-medication behaviorshouldimprovethefitnessofanimalsinfectedbyparasitesorpathogens.Second,self-medicationbehaviorinthe absenceofinfectionshoulddecreasefitness.Third,infectionshouldinduceself-medicationbehavior.Thefewrigorousstudies ofself-medicationinnon-humananimalshavenotusedthistheoreticalframeworkandthushavenottestedfitnesscostsof self-medicationintheabsenceofdiseaseorparasitism.Hereweusemanipulativeexperimentstotestthesepredictionswith the foraging behavior of woolly bear caterpillars (Grammia incorrupta; Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) in response to their lethal endoparasites(tachinidflies).Ourexperimentsshowthattheingestionofplanttoxinscalledpyrrolizidinealkaloidsimproves thesurvivalofparasitizedcaterpillarsbyconferringresistanceagainsttachinidflies.Consistentwiththeoreticalprediction, excessiveingestionofthesetoxinsreducesthesurvivalofunparasitizedcaterpillars.Parasitizedcaterpillarsaremorelikelythan unparasitizedcaterpillarstospecificallyingestlargeamountsofpyrrolizidinealkaloids.Thiscasechallengestheconventional viewthatself-medicationbehaviorisrestrictedtoanimalswithadvancedcognitiveabilities,suchasprimates,andempowers thescienceofself-medicationbyplacingitinthedomainofadaptiveplasticitytheory