Sexual Dimorphism of the Zebra Finch Syrinx Indicates Adaptation for High Fundamental Frequencies in Males 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Sexual Dimorphism of the Zebra Finch Syrinx Indicates Adaptation for High Fundamental Frequencies in Males 英文参考文献.doc

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Sexual Dimorphism of the Zebra Finch Syrinx Indicates Adaptation for High Fundamental Frequencies in Males 英文参考文献

SexualDimorphismoftheZebraFinchSyrinxIndicates AdaptationforHighFundamentalFrequenciesinMales TobiasRiede1,2*,JohnH.Fisher3,FranzGoller1 1DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,Utah,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2NationalCenterforVoiceandSpeech,UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,Utah, UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofPhysiology,UniversityofUtah,SaltLakeCity,Utah,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: In many songbirds the larger vocal repertoire of males is associated with sexual dimorphism of the vocal control centers and muscles of the vocal organ, the syrinx. However, it is largely unknown how these differences are translatedintodifferentacousticbehavior. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here we show that the sound generating structures of the syrinx, the labia and the associatedcartilaginousframework,alsodisplaysexualdimorphism.Oneofthebronchialhalfringsthatpositionandtense the labia is larger in males, and the size and shape of the labia differ between males and females. The functional consequencesofthesedifferenceswereexploredbydenervatingsyringealmuscles.Afterdenervation,bothsexesproduced equallylowfundamentalfrequencies,butthedrivingpressuregenerallyincreasedandwashigherinmales.Denervation stronglyaffectedtherelationshipbetweendrivingpressureandfundamentalfrequency. Conclusions/Significance:Thesyringealmodificationsinthemalesyrinx,inconcertwithdimorphismsinneuralcontroland musclemass,aremostlikelythefoundationforthepotentialtogenerateanenhancedfrequencyrange.Sexuallydimorphic vocalbehaviorthereforearisesfromfinelytunedmodificationsateverylevelofthemotorcascade.Thissexualdimorphism infrequencycontrolillustratesasignificantevolutionarysteptowardsincreasedvocalcomplexityinbirds. Citation:RiedeT,FisherJH,GollerF(2010)SexualDimorphismoftheZebraFinchSyrinxIndicatesAdaptationforHighFundamentalFrequenciesinMales.PLoS ONE5(6):e11368.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011368 Editor:M.FabianaKubke,UniversityofAuckland,NewZealand ReceivedFebruary5,2010;AcceptedJune9,2010;Pu