Structural and functional map of a bacterial nucleoid 英文参考文献.docVIP

Minireview Structural and functional map of a bacterial nucleoid Agustino Martínez-Antonio*, Alejandra Medina-Rivera? and Julio Collado-Vides? Addresses: *Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato, 36500, México. ?Programa de Genómica Computacional, Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México. Correspondence: Julio Collado-Vides. Email: collado@ccg.unam.mx; Agustino Martínez-Antonio. Email: amartinez@ira.cinvestav.mx nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs) were proposed to be Abstract in charge of most chromosomal remodeling tasks. Among Genome-wide mapping of transcription factor-DNA interactions others, Ishihama and colleagues have studied NAPs in bacterial chromosomes in vivo has begun to reveal global zones occupied by these factors that serve two purposes: compacting the bacterial DNA and influencing global programs of gene transcription. extensively, and at the end of the 1990s, Ali Azam et al. [9,10] found that in cultured cells, each NAP is maximally expressed during specific growth phases. The regulatory regions of transcription units are located in noncoding DNA sequences where transcription factors and RNA polymerases bind to the DNA to initiate transcription. The bacterial nucleoid structure is natively able to permit transcription, despite the microscopically observed loops and predicted further levels of genome compaction. This is probably due to the fact that the level of compaction is not as restrictive as that of eukaryotic chromatin [11]. In single-celled organisms such as bacteria economy is critical, including the efficient use of space in the tiny cell. Although gene density in bacterial genomes is high, the chromosomes are still long macromolecules that must be compacted by at le