数学实验课件–建立数学模型.pptVIP

第一章 建立数学模型 1.1 从现实对象到数学模型 1.2 数学建模的重要意义 1.3 数学建模示例 1.4 数学建模的方法和步骤 1.5 数学模型的特点和分类 1.6 怎样学习数学建模 玩具、照片、飞机、火箭模型… … ~ 实物模型 水箱中的舰艇、风洞中的飞机… … ~ 物理模型 地图、电路图、分子结构图… … ~ 符号模型 模型是为了一定目的，对客观事物的一部分 进行简缩、抽象、提炼出来的原型的替代物 模型集中反映了原型中人们需要的那一部分特征 1.1 从现实对象到数学模型 我们常见的模型 MCM PROBLEM B: Criminology In 1981 Peter Sutcliffe was convicted of thirteen murders and subjecting a number of other people to vicious attacks. One of the methods used to narrow the search for Mr. Sutcliffe was to find a “center of mass” of the locations of the attacks. In the end, the suspect happened to live in the same town predicted by this technique. Since that time, a number of more sophisticated techniques have been developed to determine the “geographical profile” of a suspected serial criminal based on the locations of the crimes.Your team has been asked by a local police agency to develop a method to aid in their investigations of serial criminals. The approach that you develop should make use of at least two different schemes to generate a geographical profile. You should develop a technique to combine the results of the different schemes and generate a useful prediction for law enforcement officers. The prediction should provide some kind of estimate or guidance about possible locations of the next crime based on the time and locations of the past crime scenes. If you make use of any other evidence in your estimate, you must provide specific details about how you incorporate the extra information. Your method should also provide some kind of estimate about how reliable the estimate will be in a given situation, including appropriate warnings. 你碰到过的数学模型——“航行问题” 用 x 表示船速，y 表示水速，列出方程： 答：船速每小时20千米/小时. 甲乙两地相距750千米，船从甲到乙顺水航行需30小时， 从乙到甲逆水航行需50小时，问船的速度是多少? x =20 y =5 求解 航行问题建立数学模型的基本步骤 作出简化假设（船速、水速为常数）； 用符号表示有关量（x, y表示船速和水速）； 用物理定律（匀速运动的距离等于速度乘以 时间）列出数学式子（二元一次方程）； 求解得到数学解答（x=20, y=5）； 回答原问题（船速每小时20千米/小时）。 数学模型 (Mathematical Model) 和 数学建模（Mathematical Modeling) 对于一个现实对象，为了一个特定目的， 根据其内在规律，作出必要的