Thermodynamic phase plane analysis of ventricular contraction and relaxation 英文参考文献.docVIP

BioMedical Engineering OnLine BioMedCentral Research Open Access Thermodynamic phase plane analysis of ventricular contraction and relaxation Mustafa Karamanoglu1,2 and Sándor J Kovács*1 Address: 1Cardiovascular Biophysics Laboratory, Washington University School of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, 660 South Euclid Ave, Box 8086, St. Louis, MO. 63110, USA and 2Heart Failure Management, Medtronic, Inc, 7000 Central Ave NE, CW210, Fridley, MN 55432, USA Email: Mustafa Karamanoglu - mustafa.karamanoglu@; Sándor J Kovács* - sjk@ * Corresponding author Published: 05 March 2004 Received: 16 December 2003 Accepted: 05 March 2004 BioMedical Engineering OnLine 2004, 3:6 This article is available from: /content/3/1/6 ? 2004 Karamanoglu and Kovács; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article: verbatim copying and redistribution of this article are per- mitted in all media for any purpose, provided this notice is preserved along with the articles original URL. Ventricular functiondiastolic functionpressure-volume loopscontraction/relaxation coupling. Abstract Background: Ventricular function has conventionally been characterized using indexes of systolic (contractile) or diastolic (relaxation/stiffness) function. Systolic indexes include maximum elastance or equivalently the end-systolic pressure volume relation and left ventricular ejection fraction. Diastolic indexes include the time constant of isovolumic relaxation – and the end-diastolic pressure-volume relation. Conceptualization of ventricular contraction/relaxation coupling presents a challenge when mechanical events of the cardiac cycle are depicted in conventional pressure, P, or volume, V, terms. Additional conceptual difficulty arises when ventricular/vascular coupling is considered using P, V variables. Methods: We introduce the concept of thermodynamic phase-plane, TPP, defined by the PdV and VdP axes. Results: TPP allo