Timing is everything early degradation of abscission layer is associated with increased seed shattering in U.S. weedy rice 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Timing is everything early degradation of abscission layer is associated with increased seed shattering in U.S. weedy rice 英文参考文献.doc

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Timing is everything early degradation of abscission layer is associated with increased seed shattering in U.S. weedy rice 英文参考文献

Thurberetal.BMCPlantBiology2011,11:14 /1471-2229/11/14 RESEARCH ARTICLE OpenAccess Timingiseverything:earlydegradationof abscissionlayerisassociatedwithincreased seedshatteringinU.S.weedyrice CarrieSThurber,PeterKHepler,AnaLCaicedo* Abstract Background:Seedshattering,orshedding,isanimportantfitnesstraitforwildandweedygrasses.U.S.weedyrice (Oryzasativa)isahighlyshatteringweed,thoughttohaveevolvedfromnon-shatteringcultivatedancestors.All U.S.weedyriceindividualsexaminedtodatecontainamutationinthesh4locusassociatedwithlossofshattering duringricedomestication.Weedyindividualsalsosharetheshatteringtraitwithwildrice,butnottheancestral shatteringmutationatsh4;thus,howweedyricereacquiredtheshatteringphenotypeisunknown.Toestablish themorphologicalbasisoftheparallelevolutionofseedshatteringinweedyriceandwild,weexaminedthe abscissionlayerattheflower-pediceljunctioninweedyindividualsincomparisonwithwildandcultivated relatives. Results:Consistentwithpreviouswork,shatteringwildriceindividualspossessclear,definedabscissionlayersat flowering,whereasnon-shatteringcultivatedriceindividualsdonot.Shatteringweedyricefromtwoseparately evolvedpopulationsintheU.S.(SHandBHA)showpatternsofabscissionlayerformationanddegradationdistinct fromwildrice.Priortoflowering,theabscissionlayerhasformedinallweedyindividualsandbyfloweringitis alreadydegrading.Incontrast,wildO.rufipogonabscissionlayershavebeenshownnottodegradeuntilafter floweringhasoccurred. Conclusions:Seedshatteringinweedyriceinvolvestheformationanddegradationofanabscissionlayerinthe flower-pediceljunction,asinwildOryza,butisadevelopmentallydifferentprocessfromshatteringinwildrice. Weedyriceabscissionlayersappeartobreakdownearlierthanwildabscissionlayers.Thetimingofweedy abscissionlayerdegradationsuggeststhatunidentifiedregulatorygenesmayplayacriticalroleinthereacquisition ofshatteringinweedyrice,andshedslightonthemorphologicalbasisofparallelevolutionforshatteringin weedyandwildrice. Background cultivated fields [5,6]. However, seed