Underwater Wireless Sensor Communications in the 2.4 GHz ISM Frequency Band 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2012, 12, 4237-4264; doi:10.3390/s120404237 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article Underwater Wireless Sensor Communications in the 2.4 GHz ISM Frequency Band Jaime Lloret 1,*, Sandra Sendra 1, Miguel Ardid 1 and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues 2 1 Integrated Management Coastal Research Institute, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, C/Paranimf, n° 1, Grao de Gandia 46730, Spain; E-Mails: sansenco@posgrado.upv.es (S.S.); mardid@fis.upv.es (M.A.) 2 Instituto de Telecomunica??es, Universidade da Beira Interior, Rua Marquês dávila e Bolama 6201-001 Covilh?, Portugal; E-Mail: joeljr@ * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: jlloret@dcom.upv.es; Tel.: +34-609-549-043; Fax: +34-962-849-313. Received: 20 February 2012; in revised form: 19 March 2012 / Accepted: 26 March 2012 / Published: 28 March 2012 Abstract: One of the main problems in underwater communications is the low data rate available due to the use of low frequencies. Moreover, there are many problems inherent to the medium such as reflections, refraction, energy dispersion, etc., that greatly degrade communication between devices. In some cases, wireless sensors must be placed quite close to each other in order to take more accurate measurements from the water while having high communication bandwidth. In these cases, while most researchers focus their efforts on increasing the data rate for low frequencies, we propose the use of the 2.4 GHz ISM frequency band in these special cases. In this paper, we show our wireless sensor node deployment and its performance obtained from a real scenario and measures taken for different frequencies, modulations and data transfer rates. The performed tests show the maximum distance between sensors, the number of lost packets and the average round trip time. Based on our measurements, we provide some experimental models of underwater communication in fresh water us