Use of linear mixed models for genetic evaluation of gestation length and birth weight allowing for heavy-tailed residual effects 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Use of linear mixed models for genetic evaluation of gestation length and birth weight allowing for heavy-tailed residual effects 英文参考文献.doc

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Use of linear mixed models for genetic evaluation of gestation length and birth weight allowing for heavy-tailed residual effects 英文参考文献

Kizilkayaetal.GeneticsSelectionEvolution2010,42:26 http://(/content/42/1/26) G enetics Selection Evolution RESEARCH OpenAccess Useoflinearmixedmodelsforgeneticevaluation ofgestationlengthandbirthweightallowingfor heavy-tailedresidualeffects KadirKizilkaya1,2*,DorianJGarrick1,3,RohanLFernando1,BurcuMestav2,MehmetAYildiz4 Abstract Background:Thedistributionofresidualeffectsinlinearmixedmodelsinanimalbreedingapplicationsistypically assumednormal,whichmakesinferencesvulnerabletooutlierobservations.Inordertomutetheimpactof outliers,oneoptionistofitmodelswithresidualshavingaheavy-taileddistribution.Here,aStudent’s-tmodelwas consideredforthedistributionoftheresidualswiththedegreesoffreedomtreatedasunknown.Bayesian inferencewasusedtoinvestigateabivariateStudent’s-t(BSt)modelusingMarkovchainMonteCarlomethodsina simulationstudyandanalysingfielddataforgestationlengthandbirthweightpermittedtostudythepractical implicationsoffittingheavy-taileddistributionsforresidualsinlinearmixedmodels. Methods:Inthesimulationstudy,bivariateresidualsweregeneratedusingStudent’s-tdistributionwith4or12 degreesoffreedom,oranormaldistribution.SiremodelswithbivariateStudent’s-tornormalresidualswerefitted toeachsimulateddatasetusingahierarchicalBayesianapproach.Forthefielddata,consistingofgestationlength andbirthweightrecordson7,883ItalianPiemontesecattle,asire-maternalgrandsiremodelincludingfixedeffects ofsex-ageofdamanduncorrelatedrandomherd-year-seasoneffectswerefittedusingahierarchicalBayesian approach.ResidualsweredefinedtofollowbivariatenormalorStudent’s-tdistributionswithunknowndegreesof freedom. Results:Posteriormeanestimatesofdegreesoffreedomparametersseemedtobeaccurateandunbiasedinthe simulationstudy.Estimatesofsireandherdvariancesweresimilar,ifnotidentical,acrossfittedmodels.Inthefield data,therewasstrongsupportbasedonpredictivelog-likelihoodvaluesfortheStudent’s-terrormodel.Mostof theposteriordensityfordegreesoffreedomwasbelow4.Posteriormeansofdirectandmaternalheritabilitiesfor birthweig