Distribution of 36Cl in the Yoro River Basin, Central Japan, and Its Relation to the Residence Time of the Regional Groundwater Flow System.docVIP

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Distribution of 36Cl in the Yoro River Basin, Central Japan, and Its Relation to the Residence Time of the Regional Groundwater Flow System.doc

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Distribution of 36Cl in the Yoro River Basin, Central Japan, and Its Relation to the Residence Time of the Regional Groundwater Flow System

Water 2011, 3, 64-78; doi:10.3390/w3010064 OPEN ACCESS water ISSN 2073-4441 /journal/water Article Distribution of 36Cl in the Yoro River Basin, Central Japan, and Its Relation to the Residence Time of the Regional Groundwater Flow System Yuki Tosaki 1,*, Norio Tase 2, Akihiko Kondoh 3, Kimikazu Sasa 4, Tsutomu Takahashi 4 and Yasuo Nagashima 4 1 Crustal Fluid Research Group, Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan 2 Sustainable Environmental Studies, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; E-Mail: tase@geoenv.tsukuba.ac.jp 3 Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CEReS), Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi, Inage, Chiba 263-8522, Japan; E-Mail: kondoh@faculty.chiba-u.jp 4 Tandem Accelerator Complex, Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan; E-Mails: ksasa@tac.tsukuba.ac.jp (K.S.); takahasi@tac.tsukuba.ac.jp (T.T.); nagashima@tac.tsukuba.ac.jp (Y.N.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: yuki.tosaki@aist.go.jp; Tel.: +81-29-861-3087; Fax: +81-29-861-3087. Received: 10 December 2010; in revised form: 22 December 2010 / Accepted: 24 December 2010 / Published: 6 January 2011 Abstract: This study investigates the potential of 36Cl in tracing young groundwater with residence times of up to ~50 years. Groundwater samples were obtained from 16 irrigation wells in paddy fields located within an upland–lowland system in the Yoro River basin, Central Japan. The 36Cl/Cl ratios were in the range of 17 to 362 ? 10?15. Among the samples with higher Cl? concentrations (10 mg/L), two samples showed high nitrate concentrations as well (30 mg/L). Except for these samples, the distribution of 36Cl in groundwater was essentiall