Efficiency of two-phase methods with focus on a planned population-based case-control study on air pollution and stroke.docVIP

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Efficiency of two-phase methods with focus on a planned population-based case-control study on air pollution and stroke.doc

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Efficiency of two-phase methods with focus on a planned population-based case-control study on air pollution and stroke

Environmental Health BioMedCentral Research Open Access Efficiency of two-phase methods with focus on a planned population-based case-control study on air pollution and stroke Anna Oudin*1, Jonas Bj?rk2 and Ulf Str?mberg1 Address: 1Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden and 2Competence Centre for Clinical Research, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden Email: Anna Oudin* - anna.oudin@med.lu.se; Jonas Bj?rk - jonas.bjork@skane.se; Ulf Str?mberg - ulf.stromberg@med.lu.se * Corresponding author Published: 7 November 2007 Received: 20 December 2006 Accepted: 7 November 2007 Environmental Health 2007, 6:34 doi:10.1186/1476-069X-6-34 This article is available from: /content/6/1/34 ? 2007 Oudin et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Background: We plan to conduct a case-control study to investigate whether exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) increases the risk of stroke. In case-control studies, selective participation can lead to bias and loss of efficiency. A two-phase design can reduce bias and improve efficiency by combining information on the non-participating subjects with information from the participating subjects. In our planned study, we will have access to individual disease status and data on NO2 exposure on group (area) level for a large population sample of Scania, southern Sweden. A smaller sub-sample will be selected to the second phase for individual-level assessment on exposure and covariables. In this paper, we simulate a case-control study based on our planned study. We develop a two-phase method for this study and compare the performance of our method with the performance of other two-phase me