Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI) for the Electrical Heating of Methane Hydrate Reservoirs.docVIP
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Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI) for the Electrical Heating of Methane Hydrate Reservoirs
Sustainability 2011, 3, 2105-2114; doi:10.3390/su3112105
OPEN ACCESS
sustainability
ISSN 2071-1050
/journal/sustainability
Article
Energy Return on Energy Invested (EROI) for the Electrical
Heating of Methane Hydrate Reservoirs
Roberto Cesare Callarotti
Universidad del Turabo, 00778 Gurabo, Puerto Rico; E-Mail: robercallarotti@
Received: 10 June 2011; in revised form: 1 August 2011 / Accepted: 5 August 2011 /
Published: 7 November 2011
Abstract: We model the low frequency electrical heating of submarine methane hydrate
deposits located at depths between 1000 and 1500 m, and determine the energy return on
energy invested (EROI) for this process. By means of the enthalpy method, we calculate
the time-dependent heating of these deposits under applied electrical power supplied to a
cylindrical heater located at the center of the reservoir and at variable depths. The
conversion of the produced water to steam is avoided by limiting the heater temperature.
We calculate the volume of methane hydrate that will melt and the energy equivalent of the
gas thus generated. The partial energy efficiency of this heating process is obtained as the
ratio of the gas equivalent energy to the applied electrical energy. We obtain EROI values
in the range of 4 to 5, depending on the location of the heater. If the methane gas is used to
generate the electrical energy required in the heating (in processes with a 33% efficiency),
the effective EROI of the process falls in the range of 4/3 to 5/3.
Keywords: EROI; methane hydrates; electrical heating; electromagnetic heating; moving
boundary problems; enthalpy method
1. Introduction
Methane hydrates are water-methane compounds which are present under the proper temperature
and pressure conditions either at the bottom of the sea close to continental shelves or in the
subsoil [1-3]. They are important due to the very large amounts of methane they contain [4,5]. By 1999
J
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