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Female attractiveness affects paternal investment experimental evidence for male differential allocation in blue tits.doc

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Female attractiveness affects paternal investment experimental evidence for male differential allocation in blue tits

Mahretal.FrontiersinZoology2012,9:14 /content/9/1/14 RESEARCH OpenAccess Femaleattractivenessaffectspaternalinvestment: experimentalevidenceformaledifferential allocationinbluetits KatharinaMahr,MatteoGriggio*,MichelaGranatieroandHerbertHoi Abstract Introduction:Thedifferentialallocationhypothesis(DAH)predictsthatindividualsshouldadjusttheirparental investmenttotheircurrentmate’squality.AlthoughinprincipletheDAHholdsforbothsexes,maleadjustmentof parentalinvestmenthasonlybeentestedinafewexperimentalstudies,revealingcontradictoryresults.We conductedafieldexperimenttotestwhethermalebluetits(Cyanistescaeruleus)allocatetheirparentaleffortin relationtofemaleornamentation(ultravioletcolourationofthecrown),aspredictedbytheDAH. Results:WereducedtheUVreflectanceinasampleoffemalesandcomparedparentalcarebytheirmateswith thatofmalespairedtosham-manipulatedcontrolfemales.AspredictedbytheDAHourresultsdemonstratethat malespairedwithUV-reducedfemalesinvestedlessinfeedingeffortbutdidnotdefendthechickslessthanmales pairedwithcontrolfemales. Conclusions:Toourknowledge,thisisoneofthefirststudiesprovidingsupportformaledifferentialallocationin responsetofemaleornamentation. Keywords:Femaleornamentation,Maleallocation,Parentalcare,Ultravioletcolouration Introduction their parental investment to female quality. This may Females frequently choose males on the basis of traits happenifthereismuchvarianceinfemalequality,ifthe [1] that may signal individual quality [2]. As a conse- latter affectsoffspring survivaland ifthe malesparental quence they gain direct benefits, e.g. through high- provide some parental investment and/or remating op- quality territories and paternal investment, or indirect portunitiesarelow[2].Theideaofadjustingparentalef- benefits,becauseattractivematesmayprovidegenesfor fortinresponsetotheaesthetictraitsofpartners,when passing viability and attractiveness to the offspring [2]. theyrepresenthonest signalsofquality,isknownasthe Ontheotherhandlittleisknownabout