糖尿病英文文章.doc

Diabetes?mellitus?type?2?(formerly?noninsulin-dependent?diabetes?mellitus? (NIDDM)?or?adult-onset?diabetes)?is?a?metabolic?disorderthat?is?characterized?by?high?blooglucose?in?the?context?of?insulin?resistance?and?relative?insulin?deficiency.[2]?This?is?in?contrast?todiabetes?mellitus?type?1,?in?which?there?is?an?absolute?insulin?deficiency?due?to?destruction?of?islet?cells?in?the?pancreas.[3]?The?classic?symptoms?are?excess?thirst,?frequent?urination,?and?constant?hunger.?Type?2?diabetes?makes?up?about?90%?of?cases?of?diabetes?with?the?other?10%?due?primarily?to?diabetes?mellitus?type?1?and?gestational?diabetes.?Obesity?is?thought?to?be?the?primary?cause?of?type?2?diabetes?in?people?who?are?genetically?predisposed?to?the?disease.? Type?2?diabetes?is?initially?managed?by?increasing?exercise?and?dietary?modification.?If?blood?glucose?levels?are?not?adequately?lowered?by?these?measures,?medications?such? as?metformin?or?insulin?may?be?needed.?In?those?on?insulin,?there?is?typically?the?requirement?to?routinely?check?blood?sugar?levels.? Rates?of?type?2?diabetes?have?increased?markedly?over?the?last?50?years?in?parallel?with?obesity:?As?of?2010?there?are?approximately?285?million?people?with?the?disease?compared?to?around?30?million?in?1985.[4][5]Long-term?complications?from?high?blood?sugar?can?include?heart? disease,strokes,?diabetic?retinopathy?where?eyesight?is?affected,?kidney?failurewhich?may?require?dialysis,?and?poor?circulation?of?limbs?leading?toamputations.?The?acute?complication?of?ketoacidosis,?a?feature?of?type?1?diabetes,?is?uncommon.[6]?However,?nonketotic?hyperosmolar?coma?may?occur.? ? Signs?and?symptoms? ? ? Overview?of?the?most?significant?symptoms?of?diabetes.? The?classic?symptoms?of?diabetes?are?polyuria?(frequent?urination),?polydipsia?(increased?thirst),?polyphagia?(increased?hunger),?and?weight?loss.[7]?Other?symptoms?that?are?commonly?present?at?diagnosis?include:?a?history?of?blurred?vision,itchiness,?peripheral?neuropathy,? recurrent?va