台湾清华大学生命科学第二十三讲(庄永仁教授).pptxVIP

Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for Biology Eighth Edition Neil Campbell and Jane Reece Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Chapter 21 Genomes and Their Evolution Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Overview: Reading the Leaves from the Tree of Life • Complete genome sequences exist for a – Human, chimpanzee, rhesus macaque – House mouse – Fruit fly, – Nematode, – Zebrafish – E. coli, brewer’s yeast And many other organisms • Comparisons of genomes among organisms provide information about the evolutionary history of genes and taxonomic groups Fig. 21-1 What genomic information makes a human or chimpanzee? Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings • Genomics is the study of whole sets of genes and their interactions • Bioinformatics is the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data Genomics 基因体学 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Concept 21.1: New approaches have accelerated the pace of genome sequencing • The most ambitious mapping project to date has been the sequencing of the human genome • Officially begun as the Human Genome Project in 1990, the sequencing was largely completed by 2003 • The project had three stages: – Genetic (or linkage) mapping – Physical mapping – DNA sequencing Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Approach 1: Three-Stage Approach to Genome Sequencing Stage 1: Linkage mapping • A linkage map (genetic map) maps the location of several thousand genetic markers on each chromosome • A genetic marker is a gene or other identifiable DNA sequence • Recombination frequencies are used to determine the order and relative distances between genetic markers Cytogenetic