生态系统和生物进化的历程.pptVIP

Ecosystems and Evolutionary Change;Contents;1.Selection by the Environment;We take a DNA sample from every individual of a species(gene pool），the DNA gene poolof one species differs from that of another species. The genetic makeup of the species is passed from one generation to the next,the gene pool of the species change in the process,a phenomenon called differential reproduction. A change in the gene pool of a secies over the course of generations is the essence of biological evolution.;1.1 Change Through Selective Breeding;;;1.2 Change Through Natural Selection;1.3 Adaptations to the Environment;;2. Selection of Traits and Genes;;For every individual, this interaction involves two sets of genes on chromosomes—one set received from the male parent by way of a sperm cell,and the other received from the female parent by way of an egg cell. The genetic makeup of the new individual is determined when the sperm enters the egg and the two sets of genes combine in the process of fertilization. ;2.1 Genetic Variation and Gene Pools;;We should visualize the reproduction of a population over generations as a constant recombining of all the alleles within its gene pool. With so many genes and alleles involved, it is virtually certain that each individual will be genetically unique. and Obvious exceptions exist—namely, identical twins clones.;2.2 Mutations—the Source of New Alleles;3. Changes in Species and Ecosystems;;;3.1 Speciation;;;;In sum,the key feature of our understanding of speciation is that new species are not formed from scratch;they are formed only by the gradual modification of existing species.;3.2 Developing Ecosystems;;Why have species evolved so differently on different continents and remote islands,even though the climates and other environmental factors in these regions may be very similar? This is explained by the fact that matural selection can modify only preexisting species.;;;;Ecosystems undergo changes as a result of the evolution of species found