14基准、坐标及变换.doc

Unit 14 Datums, Coordinates and Conversions（基准、坐标和变换） A datum is the mathematical model of the Earth we use to calculate the coordinates and elevations on any map, chart, or survey system.（基准是我们在任何地图、海图【chart海图】或测量系统中用来计算坐标和高程的地球数学模型） Geodetic datums define the size and shape of the Earth and the origin and orientation of the coordinate systems used to map the Earth.（大地基准能定义地球的大小和形状，以及用来给地球绘图的坐标系统的原点和坐标定向【orientation】） Hundreds of different datums have been used to frame position descriptions since the first estimates of the Earth’s size were made by Aristotle.（自亚里士多德【Aristotle】第一次对地球的大小作出估计【estimate估计】以来，上百种不同的基准被用来构架【frame构造v.】位置的表述【description】） But all coordinates reference some particular set of numbers for the size and shape of the Earth.（但是所有的坐标参考对于地球大小和形状有一些特殊） For example, the Global Positioning System (GPS) is based on the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS-84).（例如，GPS就是基于1984世界大地系统（WGS-84）【美国军方采用 IUGG第 17届大会大地测量常数的推荐值Many countries use their own datums when they make their maps and surveys---what we call local datums.（许多国家进行他们的测量和绘图时用他们自己的基准——我们称之为区域基准） Horizontal and Vertical Datums（水平和竖直基准） In geodesy two types of datums must be considered: a “Horizontal Datum” for location, which forms the basis for the computations of horizontal control surveys in which the curvature of the Earth is considered and a “Vertical Datum” for elevation or to which elevations are referred.（大地测量中两个基准的类型应该考虑：一个是位置的“水平基准”，形成考虑地球曲率的水平控制测量计算的基础；一个是高程的“竖直基准”或者说高程所参考的【refer涉及】） Vertical control networks provide elevations with reference to a surface of constant gravity force called the geoid.（竖直控制网提供关于【with reference to】一个被称为大地水准面的恒【constant不变的】重力表面【重力等位面】的高程） Almost all maps and charts use mean sea level (geoid) for elevation. （几乎所有地图和海图都使用平均海平面（大地水准面）作为高程基准） But they might use any of over hundred different horizontal position datums.（但是它们可能使用任一上百种不同的水平位置的基准） One example of horizontal datum is a mathematical surface called a reference ellipsoid with which positional information (lati