刘润清新编语言学 chapter4.pptVIP

Chapter 4 Syntax 4.1 Introduction Syntax: study of the internal structures of sentence and the rules for the combination of words (1)a.The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds. b. The blackbirds fear the cries of the hunter. (2)a. Jack looked up the word.. b. Jack looked the word up. (3)*Cries fear the the of hunter blackbirds the. Conclusion: structure of the sentence such as word order can change the meaning. Every sentence is a sequence of words but not vice versa. Sentence formation has rules, so that we have well/ill formed or (un)grammatical sentences. Chapter 4 Syntax 4.2 Word Classes (distribution and substitution) Nouns are words used to refer to people, objects, creatures, places, events, qualities, phenomena and abstract ideas. Adjectives are words that describe the thing, quality, state or action which a noun refers to. Verbs are words used to refer to various actions and states involving the “things” in events. Adverbs are words that describe or add to the meaning of a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or a sentence, and which answers the questions introduced by how, where, when, etc. Prepositions are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place and other connections involving actions and things. Conjunctions are words used to connect and indicate relationships between events and things.(merits vs demerits: semantically and syntactically)other word classes (3) The hunter fears the cries of the blackbirds S Art+N+ V+ Art+ N+ Prep+Art+N The rules which govern the structure of phrases are known as phrase structure rules or rewrite rules. Chapter 4 Syntax 4.3 The Prescriptive Approach:An approach taken by some grammarians, mainly in eighteenth-century England, who lay down rules for the correct or “proper” use of English by following Latin. (six cases) (a) You must not split infinitives (b) You must not end a sentence with a preposition. To boldly go. Preposition is not a word you can end a sentence with