信号转导1-CST-Signal transduction.pptVIP

When the response requires only changes in proteins already present in the cell,it can occur very rapidly: an allosteric change in a neurotransmitter-gated ion channel (discussed in Chapter 11), for example, can alter the plasma membrane electrical potential in milliseconds, and responses that depend solely on protein phosphorylation can occur within seconds. When the response involves changes in gene expression and the synthesis of new proteins, however, it usually requires many minutes or hours, regardless of the mode of signal delivery 33 52 1.6 Molecular switch protein Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Activation of all cellsurface receptors leads directly or indirectly to changes in protein phosphorylation through the activation of protein kinases or protein phosphatases. Each protein kinase phosphorylates specific residues in a set of target proteins whose patterns of expression generally differ in different cell types. Many proteins are substrates for multiple kinases, and each phosphorylation on a different amino acid, modifies the activity of a particular target protein in different ways, some activating its function, others inhibiting it. The activity of all protein kinases is opposed by the activity of protein phosphatases 1.7 Speed of signal transduction The speed of a response to an extracellular signal depends not only on the mechanism of signal delivery but also on the nature of the target cell’s response. Certain types of signaled responses, such as increased cell growth and division, involve changes in gene expression and the synthesis of new proteins; they therefore occur slowly, often starting after an hour or more. Other responses — such as changes in cell movement, secretion, or metabolism —need not involve changes in gene transcription and therefore occur much more quickly, often starting in seconds or minutes 1.8 Composition of signal transduction system The intracellular signaling proteins help relay the signal into the