新312第12章s区元素.ppt

Chapter 12s-block elementss区元素 Element Chemistry General Aspects on Elements 元素化学概述 Classification of elements 元素的分类 Discovery of elements 元素的发现 In ancient time, the metals were used such as iron铁, copper铜, silver银, tin锡, gold金, antimony锑, mercury汞, lead铅; the nonmetals like carbon碳, sulfur硫. in medieval time中世纪, the metal included zinc锌, the nonmetals, arsenic砷, phosphorous磷. Alchemy to Chemistry 从炼金术到化学 when chemistry got rid of alchemy当化学摆脱炼金术, the names of metals became e.g. titanium钛, chromium铬, manganese锰, molybdenum钼, cobalt钴, tungsten钨, platinum铂, bismuth铋, uranium铀, nonmetals were given the names: hydrogen氢, oxygen氧, nitrogen氮, chlorine氯. After Dalton 道尔顿之后 after Dalton’s atomic theory道尔顿提出原子论后, the names of elements are given systematically 元素的命名开始规范. For example, as for metals: lithium锂, sodium钠, magnesium镁, aluminum铝, calcium钙; as for nonmetals boron硼, silicon硅, bromine溴, iodine碘. Formation of elements元素的形成 Nucleosynthesis of light elements 轻元素的形成 Nucleosynthesis of heavy elements 重元素的形成 Condensation process 冷却凝聚过程. Abundance of elements in earth’s crust 地壳中元素的丰度 Li, Be and B are mysteriously rare 锂、铍硼丰度出奇地低。 Elements of even atomic number are more abundant than those with odd atomic number. 原子序数为偶数的元素丰度大于奇数元素。 There is a general decline in abundance from O to Pb. Around iron, there exists a maximum in the relative abundance. 自氧到铅，丰度逐渐降低，铁的丰度比周围元素都高，有一极大值 Beryllium, a rare element? 稀有元素——铍? The abundant elements in China中国的丰产元素 Types of the mineral ores of metals金属矿石的类型 Occurrences of metals 存在方式 free elements单质— Au、Ag、Pt、Cu； binary compounds 二元化合物 — oxides 氧化物、 — sulfides 硫化物、 — halides 卤化物… oxo-acids 含氧酸盐 — carbonates 碳酸盐、 — silicates 硅酸盐、 — sulfates 硫酸盐… Recovery of Metals提炼方法(1) Metals are obtained by chemical reductions还原反应: Mn+ ?? M roasting method 焙烧法 — PbS(s) + O2(g) ?? Pb(l) + SO2(g) dry method干法—reduction by carbon 选用碳、一氧化碳作还原剂; e.g. ZnO + C ?? Zn + CO (at 12