物种起源导论07自然选择2.ppt

√ √ √ √ √ 松叶蕨 鳞木 The living species, despite their diversity in form and way of life, are the products of descent (with modification) from common ancestors. 6) Lemuriformes are currently restricted to Madagascar, whereas Lorisiformes are found in Africa and Asia but not Madagascar, and Tarsius is Asian. The tree above was generated in order to assess the relationship of a fossil, Bugtilemur, found in 30 million year old deposits in Pakistan. Each branch of the tree has been annotated with two numbers, the first of which is the bootstrap percentage, a measure of support. In order to hold that Bugtilemur is more closely related to Lorisiformes than to Lemuriformes what is the minimum number of branches, with what bootstrap support, that would need to be incorrect? a) 1: 92% b) 2: 78%, 69% c) 4: 78%, 45%, 30%, 69% d) 4: 78%, 45%, 30%, 29% This quiz includes a number of multiple-choice questions you can use to test yourself on your ability to accurately interpret evolutionary trees. Insofar as real biological examples have been used they are accurate based on current knowledge. Basic Tree Thinking Assessment David A. Baum, Stacey DeWitt Smith, Samuel S. Donovan MRCA 松叶蕨 鳞木 Answer for Basic Tree Thinking Assessment √ √ √ √ MRCA √ Introduction to The Origin of Species WANG Yuguo (School of Life Sciences, Fudan University) 复旦大学生命科学学院 王 玉 国 物 种 起 源 导 论 NATURAL SELECTION 自 然 选 择 （续一） CHAPTER IV (continued I)     通过自然选择产生新类型的有利条件 自然选择造成的绝灭 共同祖先理论与性状趋异 On the Intercrossing of Individuals 个 体 杂 交 It is a general law of nature that no organic being fertilises itself for a perpetuity of generations; but that a cross with another individual is occasionally—perhaps at long intervals of time—indispensable. Circumstances favourable for the production of new forms through Natural Selection 通过自然选择产生新类型的有利条件 A large number of individuals, by giving a better chance within any given period for the appearance of profitable variations,