过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译 17.docVIP

Reading Material 17 Stress Categories The various possible modes of failure which confront the pressure vessel designer are: Excessive elastic deformation including elastic instability. Excessive plastic deformation. Brittle fracture. Stress rupture/creep deformation (inelastic). Plastic instability-incremental collapse. High strain-low cycle fatigue. Stress corrosion. Corrosion fatigue. In dealing with these various modes of failure, we assume that the designer has at his disposal a picture of the state of stress within the part in question. This would be obtained either through calculation or measurements of the both mechanical and thermal stresses which could occur throughout the entire vessel during transient and steady state operations. The question one must ask is what do these numbers mean in relation to the adequacy of the design? Will they insure safe and satisfactory performance of a component? It is against these various failure modes that the pressure vessel designer must compare and interpret stress values. For example, elastic deformation and elastic instability (buckling) cannot be controlled by imposing upper limits to the calculated stress alone. One must consider, in addition, the geometry and stiffness of a component as well as properties of the material. The plastic deformation mode of failure can, on the other hand, be controlled by imposing limits on calculated stresses, but unlike the fatigue and stress corrosion modes of failure, peak stress does not tell the whole story. Careful consideration must be given to the consequences of yielding, and therefore the type of loading and the distribution of stress resulting therefrom must be carefully studied. The designer must consider, in addition to setting limits for allowable stress, some adequate and proper failure theory in order to define how the various stresses in a component react and contribute to the strength of that part. As mentioned previously, different types of stress require differen