材料科学概论复习题有点接近完整版.docVIP

一、 Ceramic materials are generally composed of at least two elements: one (or more) a metallic element and one non-metallic. Metal oxides (Al2O3, ZrO2, FeO, etc.) are common examples of ceramics, but other compounds such as carbides and nitrides are also included. The most common elements in the earth‘s crust are silicon and oxygen, and silica (SiO2) is the most common component of ceramics and glasses even though for most purposes we would not consider Si a metallic element. The type of chemical bonds : covalent bond, ionic bond and van der waals bond. 陶瓷材料一般是由至少两个元素:一个(或多个)金属元素和非金属。金属氧化物(氧化铝、氧化锆、FeO说等等)是常见的陶瓷的例子,但其他化合物碳化物和氮化物等也包括在内。 硅和氧是地壳中最常见的元素,石英(二氧化硅)是最常见的陶瓷和玻璃的成分,尽管在大多数情况下我们不会考虑硅是一种金属元素。化学键的类型:共价键、离子键和范德瓦耳斯键。 2 The role of materials in the advance of civilization and culture is powerfully summarized by the fact that it is the name of each dominant new material that has been used to describe the culture - the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, the Iron Age, and so forth. 材料在文明和文化的进步中的作用可以有力地被概括以这个的事实：每一个占主导地位的新材料的名称已经被用于描述当时的文化——石器时代,青铜时代,铁器时代,等等。 3. Metallic fibers, glass fibers, and polymer fibers can be formed by drawing processes, Boron, carbon, and ceramics are too brittle and reactive to be worked by conventional drawing processes. Boron fiber is produced by chemical vapor deposition. Carbon fiber is made by carbonizing, or pyrolizing an organic filament, which is more easily drawn or spun into, continuous lengths. The organic filament, known as a precursor is often rayon, polyacrylonitrile, or a pitch. 金属纤维，玻璃纤维和聚合物纤维可以通过回火加工来形成，硼，碳和陶瓷由于高脆性和化学活性而不能在传统的回火加工中工作。硼纤维是通过化学气相沉积法来生产。 碳纤维是通过碳化和热解有机纤维来生产的，这种方法更容易回火或者纺丝成连续的长度。这种有机纤维就是人们熟知的前驱体，通常是人造纤维，聚丙烯腈，或者是沥青。 4 Materials Science and Engineering forms the bedrock for the engineering disciplines because the structures, components, and devices that engineers design and use must be made out of something, and that is a material. The properties of the materials that are available define and limit the capabilities tha