血红蛋白和免疫球蛋白20162.pptVIP

As a result of this change, deoxyhemoglobin S has a hydrophobic patch on its surface, which causes the molecules to aggregate into strands that align into insoluble fibers. Sickle Cell Advantage Individuals heterozygous for sickle-cell hemoglobin have a higher resistance to malaria (疟疾) than those who do not carry the sickle-cell mutation. The malarial parasite spends a portion of its life cycle in human red cells, and the increased fragility of the sickled cells, even in heterozygous individuals, tends to interrupt this cycle. Heterozygous (杂合的) individuals have a higher survival rate-and therefore a better chance of passing on their genes-in malaria-infested (滋生) regions. However, the high incidence of these genes in the population leads to the birth of many people who are homozygous (纯合子) for the mutant trait. When red cells reach the end of their life due to aging or defects, they are broken down, the hemoglobin molecule is broken up and the iron gets recycled. When the porphyrin ring is broken up, the fragments are normally secreted in the bile by the liver. This process also produces one molecule of carbon monoxide for every molecule of heme degraded. This is one of the few natural sources of carbon monoxide (CO) production in the human body, and is responsible for the normal blood levels of carbon monoxide even in people breathing pure air. The other major final product of heme degradation is bilirubin (胆红素). Increased levels of this chemical are detected in the blood if red cells are being destroyed more rapidly than usual. Improperly degraded hemoglobin protein or hemoglobin that has been released from the blood cells too rapidly can clog small blood vessels, especially the delicate blood filtering vessels of the kidneys (肾脏), causing kidney damage. Degradation in vertebrate animals Hemoglobin concentration measurement is among the most commonly performed blood tests, usually as part of a complete blood count. For example it is typically tested before