英汉翻译之词类中的名词及动词(及其他).docVIP

英汉词类中的名词和动词 Nouns and Verbs in English and Chinese I. Nouns in English and Chinese 1. Difference in Classification English: common nouns, proper nouns, collective nouns CN: countable vs. uncountable Chinese: common nouns, proper nouns, collective nouns, abstract nouns. 2. Differences in terms of Number 1). Number Language vs. Classifier Language 2). Effect on translation Principle of Amplification (增词原则) 增词原则：在译文中增加必需的词汇，保证译文在意义上与原文吻合、表达上符合目的语的表达习惯，使译文易于理解。 【例】Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then entered a huge building. 他们沿着大街走过去，一路经过几家大商店，穿过一个大广场， 最后进了一栋大楼。 Principle of Omission (省略原则)： 省略原则：指在翻译中不损害原文意义的前提下，删减原文中不必要的词汇，使译文符合目的语的表达习惯。 【例】一条条新修的公路把这个小镇和外界连在一起。 The newly built roads connect this smaill town to the outside world. 3. Differences in Frequency of Availability (使用频率不同) Noun-prominent (E) vs. Verb-prominent (C) 词类转换原则：指在翻译中为了表达的需要，改变原文中词的类别，使译文自然流畅，符合目的语的表达习惯。 原则A: 由动词派生的英语名词转译成汉语动词 【例1】The 1967 UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflict on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israelis right to exist. 1967年联合国文件要求在以色列撤出所占的土地以及阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权利的基础上来解决中东冲突。 原则B: 含有动作意味的名词可转译成动词 The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。 原则C: 英语中有些加后缀-er的名词含有较强的动作意味,可以译成动词 I am afraid I cant teach you swimming. I think my younger brother is a better teacher than I. 我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。 II. Verbs in English and Chinese Morphology Number (Third person singular) Subject-verb Concord Noun-prominent vs. Verb-prominent 2. 英语动词译成汉语的规则 Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系，有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 规则1：英语中有不少由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语名词 I was a mid