微观经济理论Chapter3Elasticitytheory.pptVIP

Chapter 3 Elasticity Theory The contents of the chapter 1.What is elasticity? 2. Elasticity of Demand 3. Elasticity of Supply 1.What is elasticity? 弹性elasticity： 自变量变动一个百分比所引起的因变量变动的百分比。(注意：不是因变量变动量与自变量变动量之比。) e= （ Δ Y/Y）/（ Δ X/X）=（ΔY/ ΔX）?（ X/Y ） 弹性是一个具体的数值coefficient，与变量之间的度量无关。 为什么用弹性： 通过弹性，可以表示存在函数关系的变量与变量之间反应的敏感程度并做出量化分析，从而能更好地认识变量之间的相互关系。 Elasticity is a measure of responsiveness. Two words are important here. The word measure means that elasticity results are reported as numbers, or elasticity coefficients. The word responsiveness means that there is a stimulus-reaction involved. Some change or stimulus causes people to react by changing their behavior, and elasticity measures the extent to which people react. 2. Elasticity of Demand Qd=f( P, I, Pi,Pe…) 2.1 Price elasticity of demand The most common elasticity measurement is that of price elasticity of demand. It measures how much consumers respond in their buying decisions to a change in price. The basic formula used to determine price elasticity is: E.G. If price increases by 10% and consumers respond by decreasing purchases by 20%, the equation computes the elasticity coefficient as -2. The result is negative because an increase in price (a positive number) leads to a decrease in purchases (a negative number). Because the law of demand says it will always be negative, many economists ignore the negative sign. 弹性公式Elasticity formula 弧弹性公式arc elasticity formula: ΔQ Pa Ed=- —— ? —— (a点到b点的弹性) ΔP Qa ΔQ Pb Ed=- —— ? —— (b点到a点的弹性) ΔP Qb 弧弹性公式(中点公式) 　　　ΔQ/（Qa+Qb）/2 ΔQ 　 Pa+Pb Ed = -———————— 或 =- —　× —— 　ΔP/（Pa+Pb）/2 ΔP 　 Qa+Qb 点弹性公式与计算 dQ/Q dQ P Ed =- —— 或 = -—×— dP/P dP Q E.G. 某杂志价格为2元时销售量为5万册，价格为3元时销售量为3万册，则需求价格弹性为多少？ 解：价格从2元上涨至3元，Ed= 0.8 价格从3元下降至2元，Ed= 2 利用中点公式计算则有Ed=1.25 需求