造纸从纤维到纸张.ppt

PAPERMAKING:FIBERS INTO PAPER Paper:The Currency of Civilization Paper has proven to be invaluable in the establishment of an advanced, educated, comfortable society of human beings Paper and Productivity/Comfort Paper Consumption per capita(pounds per year) Significant Developmentsin the History of Paper 105 AD -- writing done using tablets (clay, stone, wood), parchment (animal hides), silk and other fabrics, papyrus 105 AD -- Ts’ai Lun, councilor to the Emperor of China, makes the first paper out of individual fibers produce by beating mulberry bark, rags, hemp, and fish nets Significant Developmentsin the History of Paper China keeps hold of this invention for 600 years 750 AD -- first paper made outside of China 900 AD -- first paper made in Egypt 1309 AD -- first use of paper in England At this point, all paper made by hand and all books printed by hand Significant Developmentsin the History of Paper 1450-55 AD -- Gutenburg invents the printing press and prints the Bible 1487 AD -- almost every country in Europe now printing large quantities of books and using more paper 1495 AD -- first paper mill in England Significant Developmentsin the History of Paper 1600’s - 1700’s AD -- increasing literacy and industrialization lead to surging demands for paper 1666 AD -- paper shortage leads to laws in England forbidding the burial of the dead in cotton and linen shrouds, so that these materials may be used for papermaking Significant Developmentsin the History of Paper 1799 AD -- Louis Robert of France invents the first machine capable of forming an “endless” web of paper 1803 AD -- first successful paper machine in England 1807 AD -- Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier purchase patent rights....thus the name! Significant Developmentsin the History of Paper 1810 AD -- Gamble and Donkin perfect machine design, including presses and dryers 1827 AD -- first paper machine in US (Saugerties, NY) 1850 AD -- wood discovered to be suitable for pulping So....How is Paper M