风险评估的一般原则.pptVIP

July 2002 CHALLENGING BOUNDARIES 风险评估的基本原则 李文勇 – 2006年12月 Contents内容 Safety and risks安全和风险 Hazards and risks危险和风险 Risks and risk reduction风险和减少风险 Layers of protection保护层 Applying the Farmer curve应用等高曲线图 Risk analysis at Rhodia罗地亚的风险分析 Performing a risk analysis风险分析的实施 Safety and risks 安全与风险 What is safety　什么是安全? Ability of a system to operate without harming people or the environment or damaging property 是一种在运行中不对人员或环境构成伤害或对财产造成损害的系统能力 Opening remarks　注释 Safety is a subjective concept 安全是主观概念 Don‘t wait for an accident to occur to draw lessons from it: a preliminary assessment should be made at the design stage不要等到事故后再从中吸取教训：在设计阶段就应做初评 Minimising risks makes for costly improvements最小化风险有利于重要的改进: it is important to know if the savings justify the cost involved重要的是知道节约是否值得 A quantitative approach is essential定量的方法必要的 There is no such thing as zero risk不存在零风险 Which begs the question about the acceptability of a risk关于风险的可接受性要问哪些问题 Safety and risks 安全与风险 Our glossary definitions of ‘hazard’ and ‘risk’我们关于危险和风险的解释 Hazard危险 = a situation with a certain inherent potential to cause harm to people, the environment and property客观存在的可损害人,环境和财产的因素 Risk风险 = the assessment of a hazard associating the probability P of an unwanted event occurring and the severity S of its consequences 风险是对引起不期望事件发生的可能性和结果的严重度的危险的评估 Example of a person walking along a cliff举一个走在悬崖边的人的例子 Hazard危险 = the cliff悬崖 Risk风险 = person falling off the cliff人掉下悬崖 The hazard is always present, but the risk of falling appears only when someone is exposed to the hazard. In other words, when the person ventures along the edge of the cliff 危险总是存在的，但风险只是在有人暴露在危险中、冒险沿着悬崖边走时才存在 Safety and risks 安全与风险 危险：客观上会对人员及财产产生　　　　　　　　　危险的状态。 风险：结合可能发生事件的概率及其严重性而对危险进行的评估。 Safety and risks 安全与风险 不可接受的 预防 / 保护 可接受的 Hazards and risks 危险与风险 Hazards related to SUBSTANCES和化学物质有关的危险 Toxicity, ecotoxicity毒性,生态毒性? Poisoning, pollution中毒，污染 Corrosiveness腐蚀性 ? Leaks, Burns, 泄漏，烧伤 Biological agent 生物的 ? Illness疾