期中复习商业法.doc

Chapter 1 1，法律的定义Law is the body of rules that can be enforced by the courts by other government agencies. 2, categories of law 法律的分类及其解释 substantive law 实体法The rules that govern behavior and set limits on conduct. procedural law 程序法How rights and obligations are enforced. public law 公共法Regulates our relationship with government . private law 私法Regulates personal, social and business relationships. 3,Origins of law法律的起源 aCivil law legal system 大陆法系（又称罗马法Roman law）以具体法实施 Used in Europe and most developing countries. b Common law legal system 英美法 根据过去判例 *Stare decisis法官造法是指，司法判例或案例不仅是对过去案件的判决，而且在某些情况下，是以后的案件可以或者应当、甚至必须适用的规则。 4，Sources of law 法律的渊源 a Common law 习惯法precedent-making decisions courts b Law of equity 衡平法decisions made by Court of Chancery平衡法院 cStatutes 法令；章程Laws created by legislative bodies立法机关 Chapter 2 1,The courts aOpen to the public, with some exceptions对公众开放,有一些例外. For example: when children are involved, or in case involving sexual assaults. bBoth Civil民事Criminal刑事 functions cCivil -由自然人发起诉讼，要求法院对纠纷进行裁定 -法院的判决基于“可能性平衡balance of probabilities”法来判定 -法院来评定责任并执行判决 -赔偿金和补偿由被告支付 dCriminayl - 在刑事犯罪中，国家公诉机关只基于“排除合理怀疑 beyond reasonable doubt” 原则来确定被告. -被害者仅仅作为证人出席 -由国家来评估和执行刑罚 -受害人不能要求对其伤害进行补偿 2,The system of canada’s court加拿大的法院系统(由高向低排序) 3，ADR（Alternative dispute resolution）纠纷解决方式- - -代替法院 Advantages Control可控性，根据自己的利益进行争取。 Timeliness时间性, 避免延时 Productivity 提高生产效率, 双方妥协，极力想要解决事情 Cost 低花费, 程序简短 Privacy 保密性, 一般私下谈判，不开庭审理 good will 善意回应 flexiblity 灵活性 Disadvantages unpredictable 无法预料会出现什么问题 no precedents set 没有判例 cannot deal with complex legal problems 无法处理复杂的法律问题 No public record of dispute or decision没有公共记录的争议或决定 Agreements may not be enforceable协议可以不产生效力 Fair process cannot be ensured公平的过程不能有充分的保证 4，The methods of ADR Negotiation协商---direct discussion between parties. Mediation 调解---neutral third party facilitates discussion. Arbitration 公断---neutral expert makes a binding decision. Chapter 4 1, Torts侵权行为 is committed when o