Unit与 1 名词和名词词组.ppt

Unit 1 Nouns and Noun Phrases;1.1 kinds of nouns;1.2 function of nouns;2. Number of Nouns (名词的数);2.1 Regular plurals;2.Nouns ending in –o, –s, -ch, -sh, -ss, or -x form their plural by adding -es: tomato-tomatoes, brush-brushes, box-boxes, church-churches, class-classes when es is placed after -ch, -sh, -ss or --x an extra syllable(/IZ/)is added to the spoken word. And after –o, -es is pronounced /Z/.;;3. Nouns ending in y following a consonant（辅音） form their plural by dropping the -y and adding -ies: baby-babies, country-countries, lady-ladies, fly-flies (例外: stand-bys) Nouns ending in y following a vowel（元音） form their plural by adding –s: boy-boys, day—days, donkey-donkeys (词尾为quy时，变y为i再加-es，如soliloquy, colloquy;4. 14 nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and add ves. These nouns are calf, half, knife, leaf, life, loaf, self, shelf, thief, wife, wolf, elf, housewife loaf-loaves, wife-wives, wolf-wolves etc. scarf, wharf, staff, dwarf, handkerchief, hoof, 可以加-s或-ves. Other words ending in f or fe add s in the ordinary way: cliff-cliffs, safe-safes ;2.2 Irregular plurals;4. Collective nouns ,crew, family, team, etc., can take a singular or plural verb; singular if we consider the word to mean a single group or unit: Our team is the best. or plural if we take it to mean a number of individuals: Our team are wearing their new jerseys（运动衫). 5. crisis类，将-sis换成-ses，如thesis, analysis, diagnosis; datum类，将-tum换成-ta ，如stratum, medium; criterion类，将-on换成-a ，如 phenomenon; plateau类，将-u换成-ux，如adieus; nucleus类，将-us换成-i ，如cactus, focus,fungus ;1. Normally the last word is made plural: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents But where man and woman is prefixed both parts are made plural: men drivers, women doctors 2. The first word is made plural with compounds formed of verb+ er nouns + adverbs: hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up and with compounds composed of noun + preposition + noun: ladies-in-waiting, sisters-in-law, ;2.4 Nouns that can be