四级考点语法.doc

时态（16种） 一般时 进行时 完成时 完成进行时 一般现在时 现在进行时 现在完成时 现在完成进行时 一般过去时 过去进行时 过去完成时 过去完成进行时 一般将来时 将来进行时 将来完成时 将来完成进行时 一般过去将来时 过去将来进行时 过去将来完成时 过去将来完成进行时 在这十六种时态中，动词的搭配如下表。 ?一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 完成进行时态 现在 do/does am/is/are doing have/has done have/has been doing 过去 did was/were doing had done had been doing 将来 shall/will do shall/will be doing shall/will have done shall/will have been doing 过去将来 should/would do should/would be doing should/would have done should/would have been doing 用数轴形式—（一般过去时）——（一般现在时）——（一般将来时）——〉had done –— did –— have done –— do –— will do——〉当主语是动作的发起者（或之一）时，称为主动语态；如果主语为动作之承受者，称为被动语态。Be+done（时态通过be表现）+by+动作执行者 例如：A letter is written by him. 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 　　Our classroom is cleaned everyday. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 　　A new shop was built last year. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 　　This book has been translated into many languages. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 　　Many more trees will be planted next year. . 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 My bike is being repaired by Tom now. .过去将来时的被动语态：would + be + 及物动词的过去分词 　　He said he would finish the work soon. 当主动语态要被改成被动的时候，我们把原句的宾语提前，作为改句的主语，主语后置，作为宾语。因此有一点要注意，不及物动词由于不加宾语，没有被动形式，但不及物动词如果与某些介词构成介词短语，可以用被动。例The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived. Put是不及物动词，但put out是及物动词情态动词的被动语态：主语 + 情态动词 + be动词 + 动词过去分词，例如Your teeth must be brushed.不定式的被动语态：to be doneThere are two books to be read 主动语态改被动语态　　. 找出谓语动词后的宾语； 　　. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语； 　　. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 　　What will happen in 100 years. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 　　This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 　　例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something 　　see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 　　He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. 　　He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by