神经系统病理生理理—金静华整合课程braindysfunction.ppt

Brain dysfunction 金静华 Department of Neurobiology jhjin@ Outline I: General conception about human brain II: Cognitive disorder III: Consciousness disorder IV: Summary 1.Structural Characteristics It is located inside the skull, protects brain from injury, confines the brain It is composed of neurons and glial cells The blood supply is from twin vertebral arteries and carotis interna （颈内动脉） The brain blood barrier protects brain from invasion of toxic insults Inside the Human Brain Neurons Cellular Functions Neuron is in charge of different functions Glia nourishes and protects the neurons How are neurons connected? Synapses!! How does the Synapse carry the signal? 1. Electrical current travels down the axon Vesicles with chemicals move toward the membrane Chemicals are released and diffuse toward the next cell’s plasma membrane 4. The chemicals open up the transport proteins and allow the signal to pass to the next cell 2. Characteristics of Metabolism The most active organ in energy metabolism Glucose is almost the only source of brain energy The storage of glucose in the brain is very limited 3. Characteristics of Brain Disease Region-dependent consequences to injuries Limited capacity for self repair Acute brain damages will cause disturbance in consciousness whereas chronic lesions usually lead to cognitive dysfunction Brain responses to Injuries Cellular responses: Neuron death (necrosis, apoptosis) Degeneration (axon/dendrites retraction, atrophy ) Inflammation (microglia, astrocytes) Demyelination (oligodentrocytes) Functional responses: Cognitive disorder Consciousness disorder Outline I: General conception about human brain II: Cognitive disorder III: Consciousness disorder IV: Summary 1.Cognition The ability of the brain to process and store information in order to solve problems. It involves a series of voluntary psychological and social behaviors, such as study, memory, language, thinking, emotion etc. Function of cerebral cortex Frontal cortex: