英语写作中的经典替换词.doc

一、 ＂There be＂结构 考生病句： 1. There are many people like to go to the movies. 2. There are different kinds of vegetables can be bought on the market by people. 　　正确表达： 1. There are many people who like to go to the movies. 2. There are different kinds of vegetables that people can buy on the market. 这两个例句的错误比较有普遍性，因为在历次考试中有不少考生不能正确运用there be这一最常用的句式。在这种结构中，there是引导词，没有实际意义。be在句中作谓语，有时态和数的变化。 例如： 1. There was no school in the village at that time. (=there was not a school...) 注意：在否定句中，否定词用no，也可用not a或not any。not a后接单数名词，not a 后接复数名词，no后面的名词单复数都可以。 2. There is not a moment to be lost. 3. There are many people rushing into the cities every year. 4. There are many things we can do to prevent traffic accidents. 5. There is no use holding back the wheel of history. 从以上例句还可看出，句中的主语后面可接多种修饰语，如介词短语、不定式短语、定语从句、分词短语等等。这无疑使该结构增加了表现力，使句子表达内容更加丰富。 在运用这一结构时，考生最容易犯的错误是在there be之后又用了一个动词作谓语，使句子结构出现严重错误。这里列举的考生的典型错误均属这种情况，对此我们在写作中要格外注意。 二、 比较结构 考生病句： 1. Comparing with the bike, the car runs much faster. 2. The climate in Walton is colder than other cities. 　正确表达： 1. Compared with the bike, the car runs much faster. 2. The climate in Walton is colder than that of other cities. 评议与分析：许多考生在作文中用compare或than表示比较，但相当多的表达有误。在例1中，对两个事物进行比较的句式为Compared with A, B...,只能用compare的过去分词，不能用现在分词，因为B是分词的逻辑主语，只能被比较。在例2中，考生误将天气与城市进行比较，而二者没有可比性，只有将后者改为其他城市的天气才符合逻辑，很显然，考生的错误是受了汉语表达习惯的影响。 比较结构是常用结构，正确地使用这一结构可以使文章的句式增加变化，有利于提高写作成绩。一般说来，考生若能恰当、正确地运用这一结构，其写作成绩应在5分以上。 下面是比较结构的一些常用的表达方法。 1． 同级比较 1） In 1998 we produced as many cars as we did in the previous five years. 2） We have accomplished as much in the past three years as would have taken ten years in the past. 2． 比较级 1） Children now enjoy better medical treatment than before. 2） We can live longer without food than we can (live ) without water. 三、 表达原因的结构 考生病句： 1. The real reason to our failure is not far to seek. 2. The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money without working hard. 正确表达： 1. The real reason for our failure is not far