第一讲cellengineering20132.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * 最早的人类多能干细胞是从体外受精的临床病例中得来的多余胚泡。这个里程碑式的事件是James Thomson领导的University of Wisconsin, Madison的实验室在1998年的成果。 * The main objections are based on peoples cultural and religious beliefs. Catholics and some conservative Protestants, for example, oppose stem-cell research because they believe that human life starts at conception, making it unethical to destroy a zygote or an embryo, or even a blastocyst. People from other religions, including Judaism, Islam and Hinduism, view the embryo differently and are generally not opposed to stem-cell research. Still others object to the research because they are misinformed about the source of stem cells, believing they come from aborted human fetuses rather than blastocysts that have never been implanted. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * Trastuzumab（Herceptin）转移性乳腺癌和早期乳腺癌的人表皮生长因子受体2 Rituximab（Rituxan）非何杰金氏淋巴瘤 * * * * 生命逆转的最初设想来自德国生物学家汉斯·斯佩曼，他在1938年出版的《胚胎发育和诱导作用》一书中提出：移植细胞核可能会产生新生命，即克隆动物。 * In 1938, Spemann published an account of his experiments with a rudimentary nuclear transfer technique. Using a piece of hair to constrict a newly fertilized salamander egg, Spemann separated the eggs nucleus on one side and the cytoplasm, or other cellular material, on the other. After the nucleated side divided 4 times, creating a 16-cell embryo, Spemann loosened the hair and allowed a nucleus to slip back into the separated cytoplasm. Cell division now began on this side as well, and by tightening the hair loop again, Spemann broke apart the two embryos. The end result was a twin set of salamanders, one slightly younger than the other. * * 1952年，美国生物学家伯里格斯和金提取了豹蛙囊胚细胞的细胞核，并移植到另一个豹蛙去掉细胞核的卵细胞中。最后，组装的卵细胞发育成蝌蚪，再发育为一只成熟的蛙。但是，囊胚细胞本身就是分化早期的胚胎细胞，因而他们的这一实验并不能说明成体细胞可以逆转为生命。 * 1962年，在英国牛津大学任职的戈登进行了一项实验，结果显示，已经定性、定型的成体细胞是可以逆转的。戈登用青蛙小肠细胞的细胞核替换卵细胞的核，此后，这个改变了的卵细胞发育成蝌蚪，最后长成为一只成体青蛙。根据这一实验结果，戈登提出细胞可以“重编程”的概念，并初步证明：可以利用已经特化的成体细胞，如肠细胞、皮肤细胞等来重新孕育生命。这就是克隆技术的基础。 * * * * * * * * The potential for stem cells to renew themselves, or to c