量子力学英文课件格里菲斯Chapter1课件.ppt

Homework: Problem 1.14, Problem 1.16, Problem 1.17. Summary : Supplement Supplement 1: Wave function Supplement 2: Operator Above normalization only fixes the modulus of A；the phase remains undetermined. However, as we shall see, the latter (phase) carries no physical significance anyway. Suppose we have normalized the wave function at time t = 0. Question: How do we know that it will stay normalized, as time goes on and ? evolves ? You can’t keep renormalizing the wave function, for then A becomes a function of t , and you no longer have a solution to the Schr?dinger equation. Fortunately, the Schr?dinger equation has the property that: It automatically preserves the normalization of the wave function . Without this crucial feature the Schr?dinger equation would be incompatible with the statistical interpretation, and the whole theory would crumble ! So we’d better pause for a careful proof of this point: Note that the integral is a function only of t, so we use a total derivative (d/dt) in the first term, but the integrand is a function of x as well as t, so it’s a partial derivative (?/?t) in the second one. By the product rule, Now the Schr?dinger equation says that and hence also (taking the complex conjugate of Eq. [1.23]) so The integral (Eq.[1.21]) can now be evaluated explicitly: But ?(x,t) must go to zero as x goes to ? ?, otherwise the wave function would not be normalizable. It follows that and hence that the integral on the left is constant (independent of time); if ? is normalized at t = 0, its stays normalized for all future time. QED For a particle in state ?，the expectation value of x is What exactly does this mean ? It emphatically does not mean that if you measure the position of one particle over and over again, ?x|?|2dx is the average of the results you’ll get. Rather, ?x? is the average of measurements performed on particles all in